Term
| Do all organisms spend the same amount of energy to meet their energy demands? |
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Definition
| No. Depending on their size they require different amounts of energy. |
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Term
| What are two ways to calculate Eassimilation? |
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Definition
Einput- Eexcretion
Ermr+ Eactivity+Eproduction |
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Term
| What can Eproduction represent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is energy needed for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the measure of fitness? |
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Definition
| The total amount and rate at which they obtain energy from food. (Darwin) |
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Term
| How is the amount of time food is in the digestive tract a phenotypic trait?Example? |
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Definition
| Food retention time in the digestive tract is a response to the environment. (type of food, season) Starlings change the length of their intestines. |
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Term
| When given a graph of food retention time in the gut, how do you find the optimal time for the gut to stop digesting? |
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Definition
| Take a tangent to hit the slope. Then draw a line to hit the x axis |
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Term
| Why do you have to breathe when you sleep? |
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Definition
| Resting metabolic rate and homeostasis: basic metabolism to keep cells functioning. |
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Term
| How do we measure resting metabolic rate? |
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Definition
O2 Consumed
CO2 evolved
Heat loss |
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Term
| What factors influence resting metabolism? |
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Definition
# of cells
Mass
Availability of O2, Temperature |
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Term
| How does absolute metabolic rate differ among organisms? |
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Definition
| As mass increases so does RMR. Total energy needs per day of a large animal are greater than that of a small animal. |
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Term
| How does Mass-Specific metaboic rate differ among organisms? |
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Definition
| The energy requirements per gram of animal is much greater for a small animal than for a large animal. |
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Term
| what are some issues with using a linear scale? And how can we fix it? |
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Definition
| Linear scales show a curve and it'a not very precise. We can log scale the data and get a straight line. |
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Term
On both untransformed and transformed graphs what do the following represent?
Y=X1.25
Y=X1
Y=X0.75 |
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Definition
Y=X1.25: accelerating
Y=X1:Linear
Y=X0.75: Declerating |
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Term
| How do you predict the slope of Mass-Specific log scaled graphs? |
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Definition
From absolute to Mass-Specific you subtract 1.
From Mass-Specific to absolute you add 1. |
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Term
| How does mass-specific metabolism rate change with mass? |
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Definition
Negative relationship
Increase in mass: Decrease in RMR/Mass |
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Term
| How can Eactivity effect Ermr? |
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Definition
| More Eactivity can decrease Ermr. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulation of an internal environment in the face of changes in the external environment. |
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Term
| What parameters must an organism regulate? |
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Definition
| Temperature, Respiration, O2 levels, CO2 levels, pH |
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Term
| True or false in feedback mechanisms the sensor and effector can be a single cell. |
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Definition
| True! Along with the possibility of it being an endocrine organ or a series of endocrine organs. |
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Term
| What are 2 examples of positive feedback? (Good and bad) |
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Definition
Climate change, release of greenhouse from melting snow. (Bad)
Childbirth and oxytocin release during contractions(Good) |
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Term
| List the order of negative feedback and explain each step. |
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Definition
Stimulus->Sensor->Integrator->Effector->Response.
Sensor(receptor): Detects change.
Integrator(control centre): Compares sensor info with set point. (nervous system)
Effector: Carries out the change |
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Term
| List the processes through which animals can gain or lose energy from and to their environments. And explain the terms. |
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Definition
Conduction: Heat exchange through direct contact(fluids or solids)
Convection: By a moving medium(gas or liquid)
Evaporation: Heat loss through state change. (wet snout or sweating)
Radiation: Infrared radiation(sun)
Conductance: Rate at which heat is exchanged with environment. |
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Term
| What are the two patterns of Tb regulation strategies? |
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Definition
Homeotherms: Maintain a constant body temperature.
Heterotherms(poikilotherms): Body temperature varies with ambient temperature. |
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Term
| What are the 2 processes of Tb regulation strategies? |
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Definition
Endotherms: Rely on metabolic heat production.
Ectotherms: Gain heat from external sources primarily. Small portion of self metabolism. Dependent on environment. |
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Term
| True or false? Ectotherms generally have higher metabolic rates. |
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Definition
| FALSE!! Endotherms have higher metabolic rates. Internal metabolism. Ectotherms use behaviour to balance heat loss and gain. |
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Term
| How are naked mole rats Endo-Heterotherms? |
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Definition
Hetero: Their Tb varies with Ta
Endo: They primarily rely on body metabolism for heat. |
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Term
| What is an example of an ecto homeothermic plant? and how? |
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Definition
Sun tracking arctic flowers.
Ecto:They gain heat from the sun
Homeo:They also self metabolize. |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of Ect-heterothermy? |
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Definition
Pros: Less energy used. More Energy for reproduction (potentially)
Cons: Constrained in both when and hwere you can beactive. Daily and seasonally. |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of Endo-Homeothermy? |
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Definition
Pros: Wide range of times and places for activity for optimal responses.
Cons:Energy expensive. Metabolism at the expense of Eproduction |
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Term
| What is the Thermoneutral zone? |
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Definition
| The range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss(skin, blood flow) |
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Term
| When can a living body maintain its core temperature? |
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Definition
| When heat production and heat loss are balanced. |
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Term
| Define Hypothermia and Hyperthermia |
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Definition
Hypothermia: When Tb is below Ta
Hyperthermia: when Ta is hella hot. |
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Term
| How do endotherms regulate body temperature through physiological means? |
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Definition
| Increasing or decreasing metabolic activity which produce heat as a by product. |
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Term
| List the methods of mitigating heat loss. |
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Definition
Blubber:Fat as an insulator
Fur/feathers: can be fluffed to make air pockets for heat. Fur thickness can be changed
Piloerection: Bristling of feathers. Form of conduction.
Shivering: Body movements to gain heat.
Radiative heat loss: Catching heat from others. Can change behaviour facultatively based on temperature.
Cryoprotectants: They freeze. Frogs
Torpor: State of phsical inactivity for a period of time. Hours or daily. Endotherms, Have ability to control body temp.
Hibernation: Long term. Measured in days. M.R is still regulated(bears: 4beats/min) |
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Term
| How does body size affect conductance? |
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Definition
| Smaller animals have higher conductance. Larger animals have less conductance. |
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Term
| Why is colour of fur important? |
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Definition
Generally: White is warmer than black.
No wind: Black fur increases heat.->Heat gets stripped by convection
Windy: White fur increases heat. |
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Term
| In polar bears: How does white fur keep them warm? |
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Definition
| WHite fur reflects light so that it reaches black skin. Skin does the heat absorption |
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Term
| What is Non-Shivering Thermogenesis? |
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Definition
| Brown fat cells that contain lots of mitochondria. The mito don't synthesize ATP. Brown fat has a form of ETC that generates heat. |
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Term
| How does the COT for different sized animals vary? |
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Definition
| For larger animals it's less, For small animals it's more. |
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Term
| What is the COT of an immobile organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conclusions can be made from observing Various horse gaits? |
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Definition
Optimal gait: least amount of energy per locomotion
Horses choose their optimal speed
Minimum COT is very similar for all gaits |
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Term
| How does a swim bladder help fish? |
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Definition
| Contrls air content to help control movement |
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Term
| What are a few strategies to minimize drag in water? |
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Definition
| Shape: not too long, not too skinny-> Increase of surface area:increase of drag. |
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Term
How do dolphins and swordfish minimize drag?
What is the optimal d/l? |
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Definition
Dolphins: shed skin. Optimal: 0.25
Swordfish: Smooth scales |
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Term
| Would larger or smaller aquatic organisms have higher COTs? |
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Definition
| Smaller animals would have higher COTs |
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Term
| What is the benefit of swimming? what are the two variables? |
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Definition
Food gain!
T=% food that is metabolizable
I=Food encounter rate(plankton) |
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Term
| What is the best speed for fish to swim at? |
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Definition
| Foraging: 110m/h There is more benefit than cost. |
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Term
| For small aquatic animals which forces are negligent? and why? |
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Definition
Inertial forces and momentum.
Their world is viscous. |
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Term
| List and explain the 3 powers birds need to fly. |
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Definition
Induced power: Needed to overcome gravity
Parasite power: Energy required to overcome drag
Profile power: Wing movement that provides lift and thrust. |
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Term
| How can we find the optimal speed for a bird? |
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Definition
| On a graph containing Induced power and Parasite power find the curve between both curves. |
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Term
| What are the ideal circumstances for Eproduction? |
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Definition
| Unlimited resources, live forever, continuously reproduce |
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Term
| What is the ultimate goal of energy budgets? |
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Definition
| manage energy properly so as to have some energy remaining to allocate to reproduction |
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Term
| What are the numerous strategies generated by natural selection called? |
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Definition
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Term
| List some variables of Life History Traits |
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Definition
| Age/size of maturity, growth rate, number of offspring(fecundity), size of offspring, parental investment, mortality rate |
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Term
| How are Life History Tables used? |
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Definition
| Summarize survivorship of population, how a population will change over time. |
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Term
| Explain 2 types of Life history graphs |
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Definition
Broad at the base and narrow at the top: Growing population.
Similar size on top and on the bottom: stable population |
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Term
| Give the meaning for the following variables: x, Nx, Sx, Lx, Mx, LxMx, Ro |
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Definition
| X= year, Nx= #observed, Sx= survival rate from one year to another, Lx= Survivorship, Mx= Fecundity, LxMx= # of expected offspring @given age given that you survive @age X.Ro= Net reproductive rate. |
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Term
| Explain what the following represent: Ro=1, Ro<1, Ro>1 |
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Definition
Ro=1-> Pop. is stable
Ro<1-> Pop. is declining
Ro>1-> Pop. is growing |
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Term
| Give a description of the 3 survivorship curves. |
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Definition
Type1: High early survivorship:Low late survivorship(humans)
Type2: Constant @ all ages, linear on log scale(birds)
Type3: Low early survivorship: High late survivorship. |
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Term
| What can be done to maximize lifetime reproductive success? Upsides and downsides. |
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Definition
Upside: Increase survivorship of offspring: Increase parent investment, good environment, Increaes offspring size.
Downside: Decreased survivorship of adults, fewer kids due to energy cost per kid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed energy budgets, environment constraints. between Eproduction and Eactivity. Increase in one means there's a decrease in another. |
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Term
| Can 2 competing life history traits be maximized simultaneously? |
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Definition
| No. gains by one means loss for the other. not enough energy to maximize both. |
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Term
| As a fish starts off with high growth rate, and it's reproductive rate begins to increase, what happens to its growth rate? |
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Definition
| Growth decreases as reproductive rate increases. |
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Term
| Define Semelparity and Iteroparity. |
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Definition
Semelparity: An individual breeds only once in its lifetime.
Iteroparity: An individual breeds more than once in its lifetime. |
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Term
| Define disturbance and Competitive. |
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Definition
Disturbance: Random event that can allow survivorship. Less parental investment, more offspring.
Competitive: Constant environment. Lots of parental investment and help with resources, few offspring. |
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Term
| What is the life History Theory? |
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Definition
Every species has a pattern.
Birth->Maturity->Reproduction->Death.
The environment affects life history traits by influencing trade-offs |
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