Term
| Unicellular organisms lack circulatory systems and rely on ____ to transport molecules |
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Definition
| Unicellular organisms rely on diffusion to transport molecules (can be rapid over small distances but VERY slow over large distances) |
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Term
| Large animals move fluid through their bodies by... |
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Definition
| Large animals move fluid through their bodies by Bulk Flow or Convective Transport |
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Term
| What is bulk flow? How does it work in human circulation? and why is it used, rather than diffusion, by larger animals? |
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Definition
| The movement of fluid as a result of a pressure or temperature gradient. The circulatory system increases pressure of the fluid in one part of the body which produces bulk flow. Used by larger animals because it allows transport over greater distance (has an external force) |
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Term
| Bulk Flow is necessary for what 3 very important bodily functions? |
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Definition
| Respiration, Digestion, and Excretion (and circulation..) |
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Term
| True/False: Time needed for diffusion increases over distance at a constant rate. |
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Definition
| FALSE...the time needed for diffusion over an increasing distance increases exponentially |
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Term
| What ensures that bulk flow through the body is unidirectional? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three components of the circulatory system |
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Definition
1.One or more pumps or propulsive structures (the heart)
2.A system of tubes, channels, or spaces (blood vessels)
3.Fluid that circulates through the system (blood) |
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Term
| Chambered hearts compose of contractile chambers...blood enters _____ and is pumped out by _____ |
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Definition
| Blood enters atriums and is pumped out by ventricles |
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Term
| Circulatory fluid remains within ______ and does NOT come in direct contact with _____ |
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Definition
| Circulatory fluid remains within VESSELS and does NOT come in direct contact with the TISSUES |
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Term
| Primary pump of chambered hearts |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: Chambered hearts are the only type of pumping structures found in animal circulatory systems. |
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Definition
| FALSE...Chambered hearts are NOT the only pumping structures found in animal circulatory systems. Skeletal muscles and normal body movements can be used to develop pressure gradients and propel blood around the body. |
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Term
| How do substances in the circulatory system enter the tissues of closed circulatory system animals? |
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Definition
| Through diffusion across the blood vessel walls |
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Term
| Extracellular fluid that directly bathes the tissues of either vertebrates or invertebrates |
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Definition
| Interstitial fluid (distinct from circulatory fluid) |
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Term
| What is the secondary circulatory system of vertebrates? What is the fluid it carries and what does this fluid contain? |
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Definition
| The lymphatic system which carries the fluid LYMPH. Lymph is a fluid consisting of small molecules and water (filtered out from small blood vessels) mixed with interstitial fluid...carries some immune cells and transports interstitial fluid. |
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Term
| Blood flows away from the heart in ____ which branch into smaller ones which then branch into _____ within ____. |
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Definition
| Blood flows away from the heart in ARTERIES which branch out into smaller arteries, which then branch out into ARTERIOLES within TISSUES |
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Term
| Blood flows from arterioles into _____ |
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Definition
| Blood flows from arterioles into CAPILLARIES |
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Term
| The site of diffusion of molecules between blood and interstitial fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillaries coalesce into ____ which in turn coalesce into ____ which carry blood to... |
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Definition
| Capillaries coalesce into VENULES which in turn coalesce into VEINS which carry blood to the HEART |
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Term
| Three layers of vertebrate blood vessel wall and what are they made up of? |
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Definition
1.Tunica Intima (internal lining) - made up of epithelial cells (vascular endothelium)
2.Tunica Media (middle layer) is made up of smooth muscle.
3.Tunica Externa (outermost layer) is made of collagen |
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Term
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Definition
From highest to lowest stemic blood pressure (left to right)
Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Venae cavae
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Term
Layers of veins and arteries: Layers of Venules
...and arterioles ...and capillaries
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Definition
From outside to inside:
Vein and artery layers: Tunica externa, Tunica media, Tunica intima, vascular endothelium. Venule layers: Tunica externa and vascular endothelium Arterioles: Tunica media nad vascular endothelium Capillaries: Just vascular endothelium
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Term
| Difference between the Systemic and Pulmonary circuits |
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Definition
the Systemic circuit carries blood from the heart to the body and back the Pulmonary circuit carries blood from the heart, to and from the lungs |
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Term
| Which has higher pressure, the systemic or pulmonary circuit? |
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Definition
| Systemic has higher pressure, pulmonary has lower pressure |
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Term
Poiseuille's equation shows that larger blood vessels... Slide 17 .O {color:black; font-size:149%;} a:link {color:#FF99CC !important;} a:active {color:#3333CC !important;} a:visited {color:#B2B2B2 !important;} Q = DPp r4 / 8Lh |
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Definition
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Term
Blood velocity= and how is velocity releated to cross-sectional area? |
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Definition
Blood velocity= Q/A (flow/cross-sectional area) Blood velocity is INVERSELY related to cross-sectional area...high cross-sectional area=low blood velocity.. |
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Term
| True/False: Total cross-sectional are of capillaries is very large so the velocity is slow and diffusion takes a long time |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 phases of the cardiac cycle |
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Definition
- Systole: Contraction - blood is forced out in the circulation
- Diastole: Relaxation - blood enters the heart
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Term
Where are the atrioventricular (AV) valves located? Where are the semilunar valves located? What are the 2 semilunar valves? |
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Definition
AV valves are between the atria and ventricls on both sides. Semilunar valves are between the ventricles and artiers. 1. Aortic semilunar valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta 2. Pulmonary semiluna valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
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Term
| The left heart corresponds to the _____ circuit while the right heart corresponds to the ____ circuit. |
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Definition
The left heart corresponds to the systemic circuit while the right heart corresponds to the pulmonary circuit (but the structures are very similar and both can contract simultaneously!) |
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Term
| True/False: The atria and ventricles alternate systole and diastole. |
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Definition
| TRUE: The atria and ventricles alternate systole and diastole...the 2 atria contract simultaneously...then there is a pause...then the 2 ventricles contract simultaneously. The atria and ventricles relax while the heart fills with blood. |
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Term
| The mammalian cardiac cycle |
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Definition
1.Ventricular diastole - atria and ventricle relaxed, AV valves open and ventricles fill. 2.Atrial Systole - Atria contract (ventricles relaxed still) blood fills ventricles. 3.Ventricular Systole - isovolumetric contraction - ventricles contract and push AV valves closed and ventricular pressure builds up. 4.Ventricular Systole - ventricular ejection - increased pressure in ventricles forces semilunar valves open and blood leaves. 5.Ventricular diastole - ventricles relax and semilunar valves close
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Term
| What is the difference between the left and right ventricle? |
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Definition
| The left ventricle sends blood via the aorta to the organs of the body, while the right ventricle only sends blood via the pulmonary artery to the lungs. So, the left ventricle contracts more forcefully and develops higher pressure. |
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Term
| Resistance in the pulmonary circuit is low due to... |
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Definition
| Resistance in the pulmonary circuit is low due to high capillary density in parallel (large cross-sectional area) **low resistance so the right side of the heart doesn't need to pump as forcefully. |
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Term
| Low pressure of the pulmonary circuit protects... |
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Definition
| the delicate blood vessels of the lungs |
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Term
| True/False: The systemic and pulmonary circuits have different amounts of blood flow. |
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Definition
| FALSE!...Systemic and pulmonary circuits have the same blood flow |
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Term
| Vertebrate hearts are MYOGENIC which means... |
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Definition
| Myogenic mean are initiated by spontaneous and rhythmic depolarizations of cardiomyocytes - do NOT require a nerve signal! |
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Term
| Cardiomyocytes with the fastest intrinsic rhythm..and why? |
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Definition
| Pacemaker cells are the cardiomyocytes with the fastest intrinsic rhythm because they determine the contraction rate for the entire heart |
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Term
| Where are vertebrate pacemaker cells located? |
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Definition
| In the sinoatrial (SA) node (area of the right atrium, close to where the superior vena cava enters the right atrium) |
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Term
| Electrical conduction in the mammalian heart |
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Definition
1.SA node depolarizes and the depolarization spreads via the Internodal pathway.
2.AV node delays the signal, then depolarization spreads through atria gap junctions and atria contract.
3.Depolarization -> Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers.
4.Depolarization spreads upwards through ventricle and ventricle contracts |
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Term
| True/False: Pacemaker cells are small with few myofibrils, mitochonria or other organelles |
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Definition
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Term
| Do pacemaker cells contract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "pacemaker potential"? |
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Definition
| The unstable resting membrane potential of pacemaker cells |
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Term
| What are "funny channels"? |
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Definition
| Hyperpolarization-activated channels in pacemaker cells - cation non-specific) |
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Term
| What causes heart rate to increase? |
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Definition
| NE released from the sympathetic nervous system and EPI released from the adrenal medulla - These cause more Na+ and Ca2+ channels to open which causes the rate of depolarization and frequency of action potentials increase |
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Term
| What is the cardiovascular control center? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of receptor does NE or EPI bind to in order to increase heart rate |
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Definition
| Beta adrenergic receptors (which then activates AC, opening "funny" cation and T-type Ca2+ channels) |
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Term
| What causes heart rate to decrease? |
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Definition
| ACh is released from parasympathetic neurons which opens K+ channels cause pacemaker cells to hyperpolarize...time for depolarization takes longer so frequency of action potentials decrease. |
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Term
| What G protein subunits inhibit T-type Ca2+ channels and stimulate K+ channels when bound to ACh? |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: mAChR activation of GIRKs are independent of second messengers. |
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Definition
| TRUE...ACh binds to mAChR, beta-gamma G protein subunits activate GIRK directly (causing hyperpolarization)..if there were a second messenger, then selectively activating one mAChR would open all GIRK channels |
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Term
| Conducts electrical impulse from the right to left atrium |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiomyocytes are electrically coupled via _____ to ensure coordinated contractions |
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Definition
| Cardiomyocytes are electrically coupled via GAP JUNCTIONS to ensure coordinated contractions (action potentials pass directly from cell to cell) |
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Term
| Each gap junction is made up of 2 _____, and each of these made up of 6 ____ |
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Definition
| Each gap junction is made up of 2 Connexins (hemichannels, and each of these are made up of 6 Connexin Proteins |
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Term
| Phases of the cardiac action potential |
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Definition
0.Cell reaches threshold and Na+ channels open, causing depolarization.
1.Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate and K+ channels open, causing slight repolarization.
2.GIRK channels close and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, causeing the PLATEAU phase
3.L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open again
4.Cell returns to the resting potential. |
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Term
| The plateau phase of cardiomyocyte action potentials are extended _____ that correspond to _______ and lasts for ____, and prevents _____. |
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Definition
| The plateau phase of cardiomyocyte action potentials are extended DEPOLARIZATIONS that correspond to the REFRACTORY PERIOD and lasts for AS LONG AS THE CONTRACTION and prevents TETANUS **via its long refractory period |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
P wave=Atrial Depolarization QRS complex=Ventricular Depolarization and Atrial Repolarization
T wave=Ventricular Repolarization
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Term
Heart sounds correspond to...
..the 1st sound=
..the 2nd sound= |
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Definition
the opening and closing of valves..the 1st sound=AV valves shutting and the semilunar valves opening.
2nd sound=Semilunar valves shutting and the AV valves opening. |
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Term
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Definition
CO=Volume of blood pumped per unit time.
CO=Rate of contraction*Volume of blood pumper with each beat=HR*SV |
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Term
Heart rate is modulated by...
Stroke volume is modulated by... |
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Definition
| Heart rate is modulated by autonomic nerves and the adrenal medulla. Stroke volume is modulated by various nervous, hormonal, and physical factors. |
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Term
| Active protein kinase in cardiomyocytes phosphorylate 4 things that cause an increase in the rate and strength of contraction... |
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Definition
1.L-type Ca2+ channels, allowing Ca2+ to enter and depolarize cell.
2.Ca2+ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (RyR), allowing Ca2+ to enter cytoplasm and cause depolarization.
3.Myosin to stimulate contraction.
4.Ca2+ ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane to speed up the removal of Ca2+ to decrease relaxation time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood distribution - because arterioles are arranged in parallel, they can alter blood flow to various organs |
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Term
| Control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation (3) |
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Definition
1.Autoregulation (direct response of arteriole smooth muscle)
2.Intrinsic factors (metabolic state of the tissue)
3.Extrinsic factors (nervous and endocrine systems) |
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Term
| How do some smooth muscle cells in arterioles act as a negative feedback loop for blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Some smooth muscle cells in arterioles are sensitive to stretch, and contract when blood pressure increases - prevents excessive flow of blood into tissure |
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Term
| Vascular smooth muscle cells surrounding arterioles are sensitive to extracellular fluid conditions..In general, changes in extracellular fluid associated with increased activity cause ____ and changes associated with decreased activity cause ____. |
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Definition
| In general, changes in extracellular fluid associated with increased activity (low O2, high CO2, high waste) causes VASODILATION..changes associated with decreased activity (high O2,low CO2,low waste) causes VASOCONSTRICTION. (more blood flow=more O2 to the tissues and carrying more waste away) |
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Term
| EPI and NE cause what effect on blood vessels |
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Definition
| EPI and NE cause VASOCONSTRICTION...Decreased sympathetic tone causes vasodilation. |
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Term
| Vasopressin (ADH) from the posterior pituitary causes what effect on blood vessels? How about Angiotensin II which is produced in response to ____ blood pressure? Or Arterial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is produced in respone so _____ blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Vasopressin (ADH) causes VASOCONSTRICTION. Aniotensin II is produced in response to LOW blood pressure and causes VASOCONSTRICTION. Arterial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is produced in response to HIGH blood pressure and causes VASODILATION. |
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Term
| What is hypoxia? What effect does it have on blood vessels? What effect does increased nitric oxide in the endothelium have on blood vessels? |
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Definition
| Hypoxia is a lack of oxygen...causes vasodilation. Increased NO causes vasodilation as well. |
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Term
| Baroreceptors are found in the walls of many major blood vessels, especially... |
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Definition
| carotid arteries and the aorta |
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Term
| Baroreceptors on major blood vessels send nerve signals to _____. This reflex regulates ____. |
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Definition
| Baroreceptors on major blood vessels send nerve signals to the MEDULLA OBLONGATA (cardiovascular control center). This reflex regulates MAP (mean arterial pressure). |
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Term
| Kidneys adjust blood volume and pressure by... |
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Definition
| excreting or retaining water. (high arterial pressure->kidney's excrete Na+ and water->decrease in plasma and blood volume, venous pressure, end-diastolic volume, cardiac muscle contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph nodes filter lymph to remove pathogens |
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Term
| The accumulation of interstitial fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the composition of blood? |
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Definition
| Primarily water, containing dissolved ions and organic solutes, blood cells (hemocytes) and dissolved proteins --- 55%plasma, 45%RBCs, <1%WBCs |
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Term
| 4 main functions of hemocytes |
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Definition
| Oxygen transport or storage, phagocytosis, immune defense, and blood clotting |
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Term
| Most abundant cells in the blood of vertebrates. |
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Definition
| red blood cells (erythrocytes) |
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Term
| Major function of red blood cells |
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Definition
| storage and transport of oxygen (contain high concentrations of respiratory pigments, such as hemoglobin) |
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Term
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Definition
| The fraction of blood made up of erythrocytes (RBCs) |
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Term
| True/False: Mammalian erythrocytes lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, cannot divide, and have a limited lifespan in the circulatory system. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 5 major types of leukocytes (WBCs) |
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Definition
1.Neutrophils - phagocytosis.
2.Eosinophils - cytotoxic chemicals and enzymes...involve in allergic reactions.
3.Basophils - cytotoxic chemicals...involved in inflammation.
4.Monocyte->Macrophages - phagocytosis.
5.Lymphocytes - Bcells secrete antibodies, helper Tcells activate other lymphocytes, and killer Tcells use cytotoxic agents. |
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Term
| Where are leukocytes (WBCs) found? Can they move across capillary walls? Are they nucleated? |
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Definition
| Leukocytes found in both the blood and interstitial fluid. Yes, they are able to move across capillary walls and they are nucleated. |
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Term
What is hematopoiesis?
Where are stem cells found in adult mammals? What regulates hematopoiesis? |
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Definition
Hematopoiesis= blood cell formation.
In adult mammals, stem cells are found only in red bone marrow. Stem cell signaling factors regulate hematopoiesis. |
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Term
Platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and erythrocytes are all formed from...
and Lymphocytes are formed from... |
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Definition
| Myeloid stem cells and Lymphoid stem cells (heamtopoiesis is asymmetrical) |
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