Term
Gas exchange at the respiratory surface.
Gas exchange at the tissue. |
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Definition
Gas exchange at the respiratory surface= External Respiration.
Gas exchange at the tissue= Internal Respiration. |
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Term
| The movement of medium (air) over a respiratory surface (lungs) |
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Definition
| Ventilation (example of bulk flow) |
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Term
| In order to maximize diffusion, respiratory surfaces are... |
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Definition
| typically thin with a large surface area. |
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Term
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Definition
| 78%N, 21%O2, 0.9%Ar, 0.03%CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
1.P=P1+P2+P3...
2.Gases move from high to low pressure.
3.P1V1=P2V2 |
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Term
| The 2 main parts of the respiratory system |
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Definition
1.Upper respiratory tract= Mouth, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Trachea
2.Lower respiratory tract= Bronchi and Gas exchange surfaces (albeoli) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 types of alveoar epithelium cells |
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Definition
Type I= thin and responsible for gas exchange.
Type II= thicker and responsible for maintaining fluid balance and secreting surfactants (lipoprotein). |
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Term
| The outer surface of alveoli are covered in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Each lung is surrounded by _____ which consists of |
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Definition
| Each lung is surrounded by a Pleural Sac which consists of 2 layers of cells with some fluid between them (the Pleural Cavity) |
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Term
| The pleural cavity contains a small volume of pleural fluid which... |
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Definition
| lubricates the pleura and allows the two layers of the plural sac to slide past each other during ventilation. |
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Term
| True/False: Intrapleural pressure is superatmospheric. |
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Definition
| FALSE...Intrapleural pressure is SUBatmospheric |
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Term
| During inhalation, what happens to the volume of the thorax and the pressure of the intrathoraxic pressure? What happends to the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| During inhalation, the volume of the thorax increases and the intrathoraxic pressure decreases. The diaphragm contracts/goes down (lungs push it down as they expand) |
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Term
| During inhalation, what happens to the pleural sac and intrapleural pressure? WHat happens to the transpulmonary pressure gradient (between the lungs and pleural sac)? |
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Definition
| During inhalation, the outer layer of the pleural sac is pulled outwards and the intrapleural pressure decreases. The transpulmonary pressure gradient increases. |
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Term
| During rapid, heavy breathing, forced exhalation is by contraction of ____ which compresses the ____ and actively expels air from the lung. |
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Definition
| During rapid, heavy breathing, forced exhalation is by contraction of the INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES (muscles that help move the chest wall) which compresses the THORAX and actively expels air from the lungs. |
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Term
| As airway diameter decreases, what happens to the resistance to air flow? |
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Definition
| resistance to air flow increases |
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Term
| Higher air flow resistance requires what kind of intra-alveolar pressure and what kind of transpulmonary pressure gradient? |
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Definition
| High air flow resistance requires a LOW intr-alveolar pressure and a LARGE transpulmonary pressure gradient. |
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Term
| What affect does parasymphathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation have on the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchoi? What about histamine? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes bronchoCONSTRICTION while sympathetic nerve stimulation causes bronchoDILATION. Histamine causes bronchoCONSTRICTION. |
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Term
| What is are metalloproteins? and what are the 3 types? |
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Definition
| Metalloproteins are respiratory pigments that contain metal ions which reversibly bind to oxygen and increase oxygen carrying capacity by 50-fold. 3 types are Hemoglobin, Hemocyanins, and Hemerythrins. |
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Term
| Hemoglobins= ____ protein bound to a ____ molecule containing ___. ____ is a type of hemoglobin found in muscles. |
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Definition
| Hemoglobins= GLOBIN protein bound to a HEME molecule containing IRON. MYOGLOBIN is a type of hemoglobin found in muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| As you decrease pH or increase Pco2, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases (right shit)...more oxygen is required to saturate hemoglobin |
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Term
| Prolonged exposure to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) has what effect on RBC count and Hb concentration? |
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Definition
| Prolonged exposure to hypoxia causes in INCREASE in RBCs and thus an INCREASE in hemoglobin concentration. |
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Term
| How is CO2 transported in the blood? (3 ways) |
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Definition
1.Small amounts of CO2 are transported in the plasma (CO2 is more soluble in body fluids than O2).
2.Some CO2 binds to proteins (e.g.carbanohemoglobins).
3.Most CO2 is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
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Term
| Ventilatory movements are initiated by... |
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Definition
| Ventilatory movements are initiated by rhythmic firing of CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS in the MEDULLA via NERVE SIGNAL |
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Term
| What is the primary regulator of ventilation? How do chemoreceptors regulate ventilation? What modulates output of central pattern generators? |
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Definition
| CO2 is the primary regulator of ventilation. Chemoreceptors regulate ventilation by detecting changes in CO2, H+, and O2. Chemosensory Input modulates the output of central pattern generators. |
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Term
| What is the primary regulator of ventilation? How do chemoreceptors regulate ventilation? What modulates output of central pattern generators? |
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Definition
| CO2 is the primary regulator of ventilation. Chemoreceptors regulate ventilation by detecting changes in CO2, H+, and O2. Chemosensory Input modulates the output of central pattern generators. |
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