Term
| True or false: The origin of life on Earth is known. |
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Definition
| False: the origin of life on Earth is unknown. |
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Term
| What are some possibilities for the origin of life on Earth? |
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Definition
- Creation through supernatural means.
- Organisms and/or organic material coming from meteorites.
- Amino acids arose from lightning in primitive atmosphere
- Deep sea thermal vents.
- Within ice. |
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Term
| Why is creation through supernatural means not considered a possibility for the origin of Earth for science? |
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Definition
| It is not testable and falsifiable, and is therefore outside the bounds of science. |
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Term
| What is the proof for the proposal that life came from meteorites crashing to Earth? |
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Definition
| Sample meteorites have been found to contain organic molecules. |
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Term
| What organic molecules were found in meteorites that had crashed on Earth long ago? |
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Definition
| Amino acids, carboxylic acids and sugars. |
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Term
| What proof is there that amino acids rising from lightning in the primitive atmosphere caused life on Earth? |
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Definition
| The Miller-Urey experiment. |
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Term
| What is the Miller-Urey experiment? |
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Definition
| Where scientists created the primitive atmospheric conditions believed to exist long ago and added lightning to provide the energy to synthesize organic molecules from the inorganic molecules in the oceans. |
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Term
| What is the proof that deep sea thermal vents caused life on Earth? |
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Definition
| It has the conditions necessary to synthesize organic molecules. |
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Term
| True or false: the only thing needed to produce life is organic molecules. |
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Definition
| False: there are additional steps to produce life. |
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Term
| What are the steps beyond the formation of organic molecules for the origin of life? |
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Definition
- Lipids form protocells
- RNA as the first genetic material. |
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Term
| What do lipids form in the process of creating life? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Packaged organic molecules with membranes. |
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Term
| What is so important about the development of protocells? |
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Definition
| They create a more consistent internal environment. |
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Term
| What was likely the first genetic material? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| RNA that can catalyze reactions. |
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Term
| What are the two features that were necessary for life to develop? |
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Definition
| Metabolism and replication |
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Term
| What created the first diverse life forms? |
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Definition
| After the development of replication and metabolism, countless failures and a few successes over hundreds of millions of years. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genetic change in a population or a species over time. |
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Term
| True or false: individuals can go through evolution. |
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Definition
| False: evolution happens at the level of the population or species, not the individual. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Members of a species interacting and interbreeding in a common environment. |
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Term
| What is the evidence for evolution? |
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Definition
DNA
Homologous structures
Biogeography
Vestigial Structures
Vertebrate Embryology
Fossil Records |
|
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Term
| Where are fossils usually found? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does age relate to depth in sentimentary rock? |
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Definition
| Younger fossils are in the upper strata, older fossils are in the deeper strata. |
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Term
| How does sediment become laid on top of fossils? |
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Definition
| Erosion of sedimentary rock. |
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Term
| How are fossils preserved? |
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Definition
| Lack of exposure to oxygen, heat and moisture. |
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Term
| How is the age of fossils estimated? |
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Definition
| Fossil aging by radioactive isotopes. |
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Term
| What isotopes are used in carbon dating? |
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Definition
| Carbon-14 and Uranium-238. |
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|
Term
| What is the half life of Carbon-14? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half life of Uranium-238? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does fossil aging work? |
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Definition
| The decay of radioactive isotopes can be used to estimate the age. |
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Term
| What happens after one half life? |
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Definition
| There is half as much of the radioactive isotope than before. |
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Term
| In what unit are radioactive isotopes expressed in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How long would it take for something with 2 ppt Carbon-14 to get down to 1/2 ppt? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| How the patterns of fossils are consistent with the shape of Pangea. |
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Term
| How long ago was Pangea in existence? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Common ancestry despite functional differences |
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Term
| What is an example of homologous structures? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Remnants of function structures of ancestors that no longer have a function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fetuses among vertebrates look almost indistinguishable among one another. |
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Term
| What are the variables contributing to evolution? |
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Definition
- Human influences
- Chance
- Natural Selection
- Changing environment
- Mutations
- Pesticides, antibiotics, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which individuals that have helpful inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce more than others. |
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Term
| What did Charles Darwin write? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What two things did Darwin observe? |
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Definition
1. Populations often have variations in inherited traits.
2. Species can produce more offspring than the environment can support. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A race for limited resources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inherited traits that aid in survival and reproduction. |
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Term
| What was a key component of Darwin's proof for evolution? |
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Definition
| "Darwin's finches" on Galapagos islands. |
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Term
| What about Galapagos Islands supported the theory of evolution? |
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Definition
| The shapes of the beaks of the birds for each area were consistent with what would be optimal to reach food in that area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Permanent changes in DNA. |
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Term
| What are the human influences that contribute to evolution? |
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Definition
| Artificial selection, domestication and environment. |
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Term
| Correct or declare the sentence correct: evolution happens intentionally and because of need/want. |
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Definition
| Evolution is not intentional and not because of need/want. |
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Term
| Correct or declare the sentence correct: traits are selected, not created. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Date: oldest prokaryote fossil |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells without internal membranes |
|
|
Term
| Date: oldest eukaryotic fossil |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells with internal membranes and organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Date: major radiation of mammals |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did the major radiation of mammals happen shortly after the extinction of dinosaurs |
|
Definition
| Their primary competitors died. |
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Term
| Date: origin of the Homo genus |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A diagram that shows the relationship among taxa. |
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Term
| Which taxa are most closely related on a phylogenetic tree? |
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Definition
| Taxa with the most recent common ancestor are the most closely related. |
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Term
| If a phylogenetic tree's parts were flipped at the nodes, would the relationships still be the same? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separate lines of ancestry leading to similar feautures. |
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Term
| What is an example of convergent evolution? |
|
Definition
| Wings of bats, birds, insects. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the term "analogous" used? |
|
Definition
| To describe traits from convergent evolution. |
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Term
| Correct or declare correct: traits across species from convergent evolution cannot have different functions. |
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Definition
| False: traits across species from convergent evolution can have different functions. |
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Term
| What is an example of two traits formed through convergent evolution? |
|
Definition
| Bat wings and human arms. |
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Term
| How many mass extinctions are there in Earth's history? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the leading hypotheses for mass extinctions? |
|
Definition
| Environmental changes and habitat loss. |
|
|
Term
| What could be the cause of habitat loss? |
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Definition
| Major volcanic eruptions and impacts of asteroids or comets. |
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Term
| Major volcanic eruptions and impacts of comets or asteroids are causes of ____________ which leads to ______________ |
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Definition
| habitat loss, mass extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
| All of the alleles for each gene present in a population. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Changes in allele frequency at the level of the population. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chance events altering allele frequency |
|
|
Term
| What does genetic drift include? |
|
Definition
| Founder and bottleneck effect. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Few individuals start a new population with different allele frequency than original population |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Change in population's allele frequency after sudden reduction in population size. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of alleles between populations |
|
|
Term
| What are the two means though which gene flow can occur? |
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Definition
| Emigration and immigration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Individuals (gametes) leaving a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals (gametes) entering a population |
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Term
|
Definition
| The idea that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant (equilibrium) with the absence of five drivers of microevolution. |
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Term
| The five drivers of microevolution causes what to fall out? |
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Definition
| The frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population to fall out of equilibrium. |
|
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Term
| The five drivers of microevolution |
|
Definition
- Mutations
- Mating preferences
- Natural selection events
- Genetic drift
- Gene flow |
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence of mutations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence of mating preferences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence of natural selection events? |
|
Definition
| Alters survival/reproductive success |
|
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Term
| What is the consequence of genetic drift? |
|
Definition
| A reduction in the population size |
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence of gene flow? |
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Definition
| Alleles going into or out of the population. |
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Term
| Natural selection events can be: |
|
Definition
- Directional
- Disruptive
- Stabilizing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both extremes favored over intermediate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediate favored over extreme. |
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|
Term
| Macroevolution is synonymous with... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One species splitting into two or more species. |
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|
Term
| What are the different ways species can be defined? |
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Definition
- Biological Species Concept
- Morphological Species Concept
- Ecological Species Concept
- Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| Populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
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Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| Based on structural similarity |
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Term
| Ecological Species Concept |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Organism interaction with living and non-living members of the environment. |
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Term
| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Definition
| Based on most recent common ancestry using morphology and genetics. |
|
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Term
| What is the challenge to Biological Species Concept? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the challenge to Morphological Species Concept? |
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Definition
| Subjective cut-off: How structurally different do you have to be to be a different species? |
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|
Term
| What is the challenge to Ecological Species Concept? |
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Definition
| Distinguishing between behavior and relatedness. |
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Term
| How do populations remain connected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs without gene flow? |
|
Definition
| Macroevoltuion/speciation |
|
|
Term
| What is the challenge to Phylogenetic Species Concept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ingredient of Speciation? |
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Definition
| Reproduction isolation + time |
|
|
Term
| Do reproductive isolation and time necessarily lead to speciation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of reproductive barriers? |
|
Definition
| Prezygotic and postzygotic |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a prezygotic reproductive barrier? |
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Definition
| The species mate at different times of the day or year. |
|
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Term
| What is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier? |
|
Definition
| The offspring is sterile. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gene flow is stopped by the physical separation of populations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reproductive barriers arise while in the same location. |
|
|
Term
| What does allopatric speciation mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does sympatric speciation mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What could case Sympatric speciation? |
|
Definition
- Polyploidy in plants
- Using different habitats
- Mate selection |
|
|
Term
| True or false: Speciation is not a process. |
|
Definition
| False: speciation is a process. |
|
|
Term
| What can speciation form in the process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Form into new species
- Enable fusion of separated populations
- Continue to reproduce |
|
|
Term
| What are the different kinds of timelines of speciation? |
|
Definition
| Punctuated equilibria or gradual change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively quickly development of new species with long periods of stability. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The science of naming and classifying organisms |
|
|
Term
| Taxonomic Catgeories in order from biggest to smallest: |
|
Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should bionomial nomenclature be written? |
|
Definition
| "Genus species" in italics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolutionary history of a species. |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagram of phylogeny? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Correct phylogeny requires distinguishing between: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar phenotype due to common ancestry |
|
|
Term
| Analogous features come from ___________ ________________ and produces feature that _______ __________ ______________. |
|
Definition
| Analogous features come from convergent evolution and produces features have similar phenotypes. |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of analogous features formed from convergent evolution that must be distinguished from homology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylogeny is determined through: |
|
Definition
- Morphology
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Genetics |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical and chemical functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taxonomy is ____________ ______________ and changes with ______ _________________ and ____________ _____________. |
|
Definition
| Taxonomy is somewhat subjective ad changes with new findings and different interpretations. |
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