Term
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Definition
| Genetic change in a population or a species over time/generations. |
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Term
| True or false: Evolution happens to individuals. |
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Definition
| False: Evolution happens in species or populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of a species interacting in a common environment. |
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Term
| List of evidence for evolution |
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Definition
- DNA
- Homologous Structures
- Biogeography
- Vestigial Structures
- Vertebrate Embryology
- Fossil records |
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Term
| How are fossil records preserved? |
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Definition
| Erosion layers sediment on top of carcasses and the lack of oxygen prevents total decomposition. |
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Term
| Where are the oldest fossils in layers of sediment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the old land formation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does Pangea serve as evidence of evolution? |
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Definition
| Fossil record patterns are consistent with Pangea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body structures that suggest common ancestry despite functional differences. |
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Term
| What is an example of Homologous Structures? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Remnants of functional structures in ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
| Early embryonic development resembles one another across species. |
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Term
| List of variables contributing to evolution: |
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Definition
| - Human Influences - Changing Environment - Natural Selection - Chance - Mutation - Pesticides, antibiotics, etc |
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Term
| Who discovered evolution? |
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Definition
| Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species |
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Term
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Definition
1. Populations often have variations in inherited traits.
2. Species can produce more offspring than the environment can support. |
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Term
| How does natural selection occur? |
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Definition
| Species produce more offspring than the environment can support, so there is competition for limited sources. Some individuals outcompete others, so those that survived pass on the genes that helped them survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inherited traits that aid in survival and reproduction. |
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Term
| What was a main component of evidence for Darwin's theory of natural selection? |
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Definition
| The finches on Galapagos Island |
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Term
| What about the Galapagos island finches served as evidence of evolution? |
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Definition
| The varied habitats of each of the islands had their own particular plant that seemed to match the beak pattern of the finches that inhabited that particular island. |
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Term
| What are the human influence on evolution? |
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Definition
| Artificial selection, domestication, environment. |
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Term
| True or false: Evolution is intentional and because of need/want |
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Definition
| False: Evolution is not intentional and not because of need/want. |
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Term
| How do traits come about in evolution? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent loss of an entire species |
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Term
| True or false: Extinction is not a natural consequence. |
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Definition
| False: Extinction is a natural consequence of evolution. |
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Term
| Timeline: Origin of Earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Timeline: Oldest prokaryotic fossil |
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Definition
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Term
| Timeline: Oldest Eukaryotic fossil |
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Definition
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Term
| Timeline: Dinosaurs extinct |
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Definition
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Term
| Timeline: Major radiation |
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Definition
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Term
| Timeline: Origin of the Homo genus |
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Definition
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Term
| Timeline: First Homo sapiens |
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Definition
| 100-200 thousand years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| A tree diagram that shows the relationships between taxa |
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Term
| How can you tell which taxa are closely related to one another? |
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Definition
| Taxa with the most recent ancestors are most closely related to one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seperate ancestral lines lead to similar features. |
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Term
| What is a term for similar features? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of Convergent evolution? |
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Definition
| Wing structure between bats, birds, insects, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in allele frequency at the population level |
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Term
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Definition
| Chance events that alter allele frequency. |
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Term
| What are the types of genetic drift? |
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Definition
| Founder and bottleneck effects |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of genetic variation when a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reduction of genetic variation due to a majority of a species being wiped out while those left determine the genetic pool. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of alleles between populations |
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Term
| What are the two types of gene flow? |
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Definition
| Emmigration and immigration |
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Term
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Definition
| Frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant if only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles is at work. |
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Term
| What is the working formula of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must generally not occur in order for the alleles and genotypes of a population to remain constant? |
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Definition
| There must be no drivers of microevolution. |
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Term
| What are the drivers of microevolution that cannot occur if the alleles and genotypes of a population are to remain constant? |
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Definition
- Mutations
- Mating preferences
- Natural selection events
- Genetic drift
- Gene flow |
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Term
| What are the three modes of selection? |
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Definition
- Directional
- Disruptive
- Stabilizing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Both extremes favor both intermediates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intermediate favored over extremes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution at the level of the whole species. |
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Term
| Macroevoltion involves ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One species splitting into two or more species. |
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Term
| What are the concepts through which a species may be defined? |
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Definition
- Biological
- Morphological
- Ecological
- Phylogenetic |
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Term
| Biological species concept |
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Definition
| Populations that can be interbreed and produce fertile offspring but does not do such with other groups. |
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Term
| What is the challenge of the biological species concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| Morphological species concept |
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Definition
| Based on structural similarity. |
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Term
| What is the challenge to morphological species concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ecological species concept |
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Definition
| Based on the ecological niche. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism interaction with living and non-living members of the environment. |
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Term
| What is the challenge to ecological species concept? |
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Definition
| Behavior versus relatedness. |
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Term
| Phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| Based on the most recent common ancestry using morphology and genetics. |
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Term
| What is the challenge to phylogenetic species concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do populations of a species remain connected? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive isolation + time = speciation |
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Term
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Definition
| When members of two species do not interbreed due to biological barriers. |
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Term
| How may the biological barriers in reproductive isolation be classified? |
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Definition
| Pre-zygotic and Post-zygotic |
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Term
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Definition
| Barriers that block fertilzation from occuring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Barriers that contribute to reproductive isolation after the zygote is formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| When gene flow is interrupted because a population is divided into geographically isolated sub-populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a new species arise in a shared location. |
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Term
| What are the factors that can produce sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
- Polyploidy
- Using different habitats
- Mate selection |
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Term
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Definition
| When an extra set of chromosomes emerge. |
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Term
| How can the use of different habitiats promote sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
| Subpopulations can exploit a habitat not used by the parent population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offspring that result from interbreeding species. |
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Term
| True or false: speciation can create hybrids. |
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Definition
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Term
| How may speciation create hybrids. |
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Definition
| Two species emerge from a single species, eventually re-meet and reproduce. |
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Term
| What are possible outcomes for hybrids? |
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Definition
- Form into new species
- Enable fusion of seperated populations
- Reinforce reproductive barriers. |
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Term
| What are two tempos of speciation? |
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Definition
- Quick speciation with long periods of stability (puncuated equilibrium
- Gradually |
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Term
| What created the diversity of life between bacteria, archea and Eukarya? |
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Definition
| Broader animal diversity, speciation and natural selection that killed off and created new species. |
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Term
| How many mass extinction events are documented in Earth's history? |
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Definition
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Term
| What caused the five mass extinctions? |
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Definition
| Environmental changes and habitat loss |
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Term
| What are examples of causes of habitat loss? |
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Definition
| Major volcanic eruptions and impact of asteroids and comets. |
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