Term
ProK anatomy:
cell membrane |
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Definition
critical barrier that allows the cell to
exist by allowing the inside of the cell
to be different from the outside of the
cell. |
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Term
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Definition
Rigid structure outside of
the membrane that provides support
for the membrane and protection for
the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
Macromolecular
complexes composed of RNA and
protein and the site of protein
synthesis in all organisms. |
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Term
ProK anatomy:
Nucleoid (nuclear region): |
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Definition
Region in
the cell where DNA is found. In
prokaryotes there is no membrane
surrounding this region. The DNA in
prokaryotes consists of a single circular
chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
storage of
nutrients. Several different types.
Examples are lipid, sulfur, phosphate |
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Term
| Thiomargarita namibiensis |
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Definition
| The largest prokaryote-about 750μM wide! (contains vig empty vacuole, therefore actual cell volume is very low) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is required to overcome the limitation in cell size? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram positive bacterial envelope characteristics |
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Definition
Thick cell wall 90% peptidoglycan
No outer membrane
No periplasm |
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Term
| (G-) envelope characteristics |
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Definition
Thin cell wall 10% peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Periplasm |
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Term
| Functions of the membrane |
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Definition
Permeability anchor
Protein anchor
Energy conservation |
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Term
| How does nystatin antibiotic work? |
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Definition
react with sterols and destabilize the
membranes of organisms that require sterols for stability. |
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Term
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Definition
Made only by eucaryotes and incorporated into their membranes to give
them strength but makes it less flexible. One group of prokaryotes have
sterols in their membranes-the mycoplasmas. |
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Term
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Definition
are the bacterial equivalent of sterols. They have a
structure similar to sterols and may well be involved in providing
strength to the membrane. |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways molecules move across membranes? |
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Definition
Osmosis-movement of water
Diffusion-high to low concentration
Transport by membrane proteins
a. Simple transporters
b. Group translocation
c. ABC transporters |
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Term
| How does penicillin function |
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Definition
| inhibits the formation of peptidoglycans |
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Term
| Types of simple transporters |
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Definition
Uniporter
Antiporter
Symporter |
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Term
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Definition
| The chemical is modified on the inside, therefore there is always a gradient of high concentration on the outside. |
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Term
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Definition
ATP Binding Cassette.
uses ATP to transport stuff from periplasm in to the cell. |
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Term
| Example of group transport |
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Definition
| Phosphotransferase system |
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Term
| Carrier Mediated transport shows saturation kinetics. Define saturation kinetics. |
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Definition
At some point, all of the transport proteins are busy transporting
molecules and adding more to the growth medium will not affect the
rate of entry in the cell |
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Term
Carrier mediated transport allows accumulation of molecules ___________ their gradient.
a)with
b)against |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Crystal Violet; iodine; ethanol; safranin |
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Term
| What does a lysozyme break in bacteria? |
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Definition
| B,1-4 linkage of the peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
constituent of peptidoglycan; found in all G- and some G+
never in eukaryotes or Archaea. |
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Term
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Definition
Each
glycan unit contributes a peptide and the two peptides are connected by an
interbridge (in peptidoglycan)
The interbridge is usually a short
peptide in G+ but in G- is usually a direct bridge between the two tetrapeptides. |
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Term
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Definition
found primarily in cell walls of
bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
a layer of acidic polysaccharides
found only in G+'s and partially
responsible for the negative
charge on the cell surface. |
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Term
| Bacteria have what charge on their surface? |
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Definition
| Negative; This is why basic dyes are used in staining. |
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Term
| What gives G- bacteria their negative charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outer membrane- (G- bacteria) |
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Definition
also called Lipopolysaccharide layer-LPS Because it
contains LPS. Essentially a second lipid bilayer like the plasma membranebut
this layer has polysaccharide and protein. |
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Term
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Definition
endotoxin; since it is
toxic to mammals and is responsible for several types of illnesses
associated with G- bacteria such as Salmonella food poisoning. |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches the polysaccharide to the phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
| Lipopolysaccharide is composed of |
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Definition
| polysaccharide and Lipid A |
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Term
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Definition
In G-; Transmembrane proteins that are
usually composed of 3 identical subunits forming a hole. |
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Term
Why is the outer
membrane is much more permeable than the
cytoplasmic membrane in G-? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Connects the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer. Lipid
+Protein; the protein end connects to the peptidoglycan layer and the lipid layer
connects to the outer membrane
Acts to anchor the LPS to the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
In G-; Between the peptidoglycan layer and the lipid
bilayers. Contains 3 types of proteins: |
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Term
| Periplasmic space contains what 3 types of proteins? |
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Definition
1. Binding proteins.
2. Chemoreceptors (chemotaxis)
3. Hydrolytic enzymes. |
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Term
| What are Archea cell walls composed of? |
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Definition
| polysaccharides, proteins or glycoproteins NOT peptidoglycan |
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Term
| Pseudopeptidoglycan is found in? |
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Definition
| Some members of the Archaea called the methanogens. Cell walls are composed of this. |
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Term
| What is Archea cell wall called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| means of motility in bacteria; |
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Term
| Flagella is composed of this protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main flagellar conformations used in IDing bacteria? |
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Definition
| Lophotrichous, polar, peritrichous |
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Term
| How does flagellar growth occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the energy use in a flagella come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| IN what direction do flagella rotate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Flagellar motility can be divided in to what 2 behaviors? |
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Definition
RUNS:- Swimming in a gently curving path.
TUMBLES-Stops and vibrates |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Many prokaryotes that don’t have flagella are motile by the mechanism of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the equivalent of chemotaxis but with light. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the equivalent of chemotaxis but with oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| is the equivalent of chemotaxis but with ionic strength |
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Term
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Definition
Similar to flagella but much
more numerous and shorter.
Function in attachment of the
organism to a substrate. |
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Term
This allows many disease causing
bacteria to attach to their hosts. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Similar to fimbriae but longer and less numerous. Also function in attachment
to substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Hard Polysaccharide containing material
that is secreted outside the cell. Many function in substrate
attachment. Some are very large and provide
significant physical and chemical protection
against host defenses because they resist
phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
soft Polysaccharide containing material
that is secreted outside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congo red; maneval's stain (differential stain) |
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Term
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Definition
| store limiting nutrients; poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate granules (make up inclusions) |
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Term
| Thiomargarita namibiensis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Crystals of iron oxide (Fe3O4) present in some aquatic
microorganisms. Chains form that are composed of between 5 and
40 of these magnetic particles and essentially form a bar magnet.
In the northern hemisphere they orient themselves toward the north
and in the southern hemisphere they orient themselves toward the
south. |
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Term
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Definition
Polyphosphate molecules that function to store
phosphate-often limiting in aquatic habitats. That is why phosphate is not
allowed in Michigan laundry detergent. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are gas containing structures found in the cell; |
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Term
| What is the function of Gas vesicles |
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Definition
Function: Buoyancy-often found in photosynthetic bacteria such as the
cyanobacteria (formally blue-green algae). Allows them to be near the
surface where the light is. |
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Term
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Definition
Survival. Extremely resistant to heat and drying. Not a form of
reproduction since a new organism is not formed.
Two common genera: Bacillus and Clostridium
Most common in soil.
Reason for extreme methods of sterilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| terminal; subterminal; and central or medial |
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Term
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Definition
Exosporium; delicate outer layer
Spore coat; One or more layers of protein .
Cortex; . Peptidoglycan (similar to Cell Wall)
Core; contains cell wall, membrane, DNA, ribosomes etc. |
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Term
| What are the steps for Endospore germination |
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Definition
1. Activation; Triggered by several things-such as heat (heat shock) and
availability of nutrients. Genes for germination are activated.
2. Germination; Spore swells and spore coat begins to break down. Ca++
Dipicolinate disappears
3. Outgrowth. vegetative cell begins to push out of the spore coat and
begins vegetative existence |
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Term
How is the endospore able to resist such extremes as boiling and
desiccation etc.? |
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Definition
| The core contains Ca-Dipicolinate (Ca++ with dipicolinic acid) |
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Term
| How old is the oldest bacterium found? |
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Definition
250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium
from a primary salt crystal |
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