Term
| nerve impulses are normalled carried toward a neuron cell body by the neuron's |
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Definition
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Term
| what would allow a neuron to receive more stimuli? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of cells form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| membrane proteins that form pores through the membrane to allow the flow of specific ions in and out of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| gaps in myelinated sheath that speed up the rate of an action potential |
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Definition
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Term
| channel proteins whose activation causes small transient changes in membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
| K+ diffuses from ____ to the ___ of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| during saltatory conduction, a nerve impulse jumps from one ____ to another |
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Definition
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Term
| during depolarization of a neuron Na+ actively moves ____ the neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| an unmyelinated small diameter axon would have the ____ conduction velocity |
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Definition
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Term
| an action potential consists of |
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Definition
| a rising phase influx of Na+ terminated by the closing of the inactivation gate, & a falling phase of efflux of K+ & slight undershoot |
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Term
| action potentials are all or none non-summation events with a refractory period due to the Na+ channels because once fired, they remain in an ____ state until the ____ gate reopens which prevents any summation |
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Definition
| inactivated state until the inactivation gate reopens |
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Term
| the neurotransmitter _____ is released into the blood as a hormonal secretion while ______ is released at the synapses of neurons in the sympathetic "fight or flight" nervous system |
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Definition
| epinephrine/norepinephrine |
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Term
| dendrites are more likely to have a ____ type of membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, causing hyperpolarization? (IPSP) |
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Definition
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Term
| which neurotransmitter is involved in the regulation of sleep, also in emotional states and is a drug target for anti-depressants? |
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Definition
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Term
| a post synaptic neuron must integrate a bunch of signals from pre-synaptic axons to reach threshold voltage using mechanisms of |
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Definition
| spatial or temporal summation |
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Term
| the sympathetic nervous system releases the neurotransmitter _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| a neurotransmitter that crosses the synapse between a motor neuron & a muscle fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| the neuron whose axon transmits action potentials to the synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS that promotes depolarization |
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Definition
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Term
| the summed influence of excitatory and inhibitory synapses determining whether a postsynaptic cell will fire |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ connect sensory information directly with motor neuron output |
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Definition
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Term
| most reflexes in vertebrates involve very few connecting interneurons between the sensory and motor neurons. where are these interneurons located? |
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Definition
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Term
| the PNS is composed of ____ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| afferent neurons that carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| efferent neurons that regulate the activity of the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle & glands |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ nervous system is probably most active during relaxation and sleep |
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Definition
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Term
prosimians are the first anthropoids to show diurnal behavior
true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| the key evolutionary innovation of animals belonging to the phylum Annelida is |
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Definition
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Term
| although lancelets (amphioxus) have no distinct head and have no vertebral column, they are still considered chordates because they have |
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Definition
| a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, a postanal tail and a nerve cord |
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Term
| echinoderms can be distinguished from other invertebrate phyla by which of the following evolutionary innovations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arthropods can be distinguished from other phyla by what two innovations? |
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Definition
| joint appendages and exoskeleton |
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Term
| _____ provide an anchor for muscles & other internal organs and in vertebrates, develop into part of the discs between vertebrae |
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Definition
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Term
those with darker skin are more likely to have sufficient, naturally occurring vitamin D than those with lighter skin
true or false? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what animals are the only non-segmented coelomates? |
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Definition
| mollusca (sea snails, clams, mussels, octopus) |
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Term
| true or false? porifera are radially symmetric |
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Definition
|
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Term
| apes are considered a paraphyletic group becuase |
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Definition
| hominids are not included |
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Term
| the most basal or primitive living fish is a |
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Definition
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Term
| which organisms are from a phylum that represents the first animals to evolve mesoderm? |
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Definition
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Term
| what organisms are in a phylum that was first animals to display true tissues and radial symmetry? |
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Definition
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Term
| nematodes are different from earthworms because of 2 things: |
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Definition
| earthworms are segmented and have a gut surrounded by mesoderm and nematodes do not |
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Term
| true or false? stomata are more likely to open when the plant is over heated? |
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Definition
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Term
| CAM plants such as pineapple have adapted to the problem of water loss by separating in time the collection of CO2 and the fixation of it by rubisco. what is the most likely mechanism by which CAM plants function |
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Definition
| they open their stomata at night & have enzymes that fix and temporarily store CO2 |
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Term
| after drinking a cup of soda what is the correct sequence of the negative feeback mechanism? |
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Definition
1. blood glucose levels rise
2. these levels are detected by specific cells in the pancreas
3. pancreas releases insulin and takes up excess glucose & stores it in the form of glycogen
4. glucose taken up by the pancreas and other body cells resulting in glucose levels dropping in the blood |
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Term
| oligodendrocytes are in the |
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Definition
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Term
| in salwater fish the saltwater wants to go ___ of the fish |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ potentials are smaller and additive responses to changes in membrane potential whereas ___ potentials are triggered after reaching a certain threshold and can't be stopped once started |
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Definition
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Term
| graded potentials go to _____ channels |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ cells make up the myelin sheath |
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Definition
glia
act as glue cells supporting all neurons in the nervous system |
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Term
true or false?
hagfish are osmoconformers |
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Definition
|
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Term
| during the refractory period there is a higher concentration of K+ on the ___ of the cell compared to ____ of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water, light, nutrients (especially nitrogen because it is most limited) |
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Term
| shallow roots are grown in ___ soil vs deep roots in ____ soil |
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Definition
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Term
| our closest relative that is not part of homo |
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Definition
| ostrolipithecus alfrencis |
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Term
| a change in gene expression is an |
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Definition
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Term
| a change in genotype is an |
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Definition
|
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Term
| abiotic phenotype plasticity factors |
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Definition
| water stress, excess water, extreme temps, wind, salinity, radiation, allochemicals |
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Term
| biotic phenotypic plasticity factors |
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Definition
| herbivores, insects, pathogens, parasites |
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Term
| what 2 factors most determine plant distribution? |
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Definition
| geography and environment |
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Term
| 3 main components for a resting potential |
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Definition
| Na+ & K+ pump, leaky K+ channels, anions trapped inside membrane |
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Term
| electric equilibrium is between |
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Definition
| positive and negative charges |
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Term
| ionic equilibrium is between |
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Definition
|
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Term
| depolarization, getting more positive, glutamate and acetylcholine are neurotransmitters |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium channels are _____ channels |
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Definition
|
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Term
alpha cells = ____
beta cells = _____ |
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Definition
alpha = glucagon
beta = insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| it travels through the blood |
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Term
| endoderm gives rise to the ___ system while ectoderm gives rise to the ____ system |
|
Definition
| digestive/ skin & nervous system |
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Term
| negative feedback's goal is to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of positive feedback is |
|
Definition
blood clotting, uterus contracting during labor
anything that embraces change |
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|
Term
| thermoregulators that maintain a very narrow range are called |
|
Definition
endothermy
ex/ mammals & bird |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| conforming to tempertaure, non-regulators, have a bigger variation (crocodiles and snakes) |
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Term
| transfer of heat between 2 objects in direct contact with eachother |
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Definition
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|
Term
| heat is conducted away from an object of high temperature to low temperature |
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Definition
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|
Term
| modern humans first appeard ____ years ago in __- |
|
Definition
| 600,000 years ago in Africa |
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Term
| ______ channels only open/close when charge in the cell hits a certain level |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ neurons carry impulses from CNS to effectors |
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Definition
|
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Term
| myelinated axons conduct impulses faster because action potentials are produced at the |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the only similarity between EPSP and IPSP is that they both |
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Definition
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|
Term
| white matter makes up the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| part of the eye muscle thats colored, expands & contracts its opening based off of light |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| white portion of the eye made up of connective tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| transparent portion through which light enters; begins to focus the light |
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Definition
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Term
| transparent structure of eye that completes the focusing of light onto the retina, does the focusing and changes shape |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in near vision ciliary muscles |
|
Definition
| contract, bending light more and making it more round |
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Term
| in distance vision, ciliary muscles |
|
Definition
| relax, less bent, more flat |
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Term
| where all the photoreceptors are that are later sent to the brain |
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Definition
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|
Term
| part of the eye that the lens tries to make the light hit |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| once photoreceptors are activated they stimulate |
|
Definition
| bipolar cells which stimulate ganglion cells |
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Term
| _____ cells transmit impulses to the brain via the optic nerve |
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Definition
|
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Term
| black & white vision; dim lighting vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for color vision and high visual acuity; where sharpest image is formed |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| tropic hormones are used to control the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vertebral eye is imperfect because the |
|
Definition
| retina wall is behind the nerves |
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