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| Basic Unit of Life and every organism consists of one or more of these |
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| Consist of coding instructions of all living organisms |
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| 1)Organization 2)Energy Use 3)Maintenance of Internal Constancy 4)Reproduction Growth Development 5)Evolution |
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| Smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance |
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| A membrane bounded structure that has a specific function |
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| A collection of specialized cells that function in a coordinated fashion |
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| A structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carryout specific functions |
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| Organs connected physically or chemically that function together |
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| A single Living individual |
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| All populations that occupy the same region |
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| the living and nonliving components of an area |
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| The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its atmosphere where life is possible |
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| (New Complex Functions) arise at each level of biological organization |
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| Extract energy and nutrients from the nonliving environment |
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| Obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms |
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| Consumers that obtain nutrients from dead organisms and organic wastes |
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| Living organisms are classified into one of three domains and then further classified from there |
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| Cells lack nuclei(prokaryotic) Unicellular |
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Cells contain nuclei(eukaryotic) unicellular or multicellular
-protists, kingdom animals, plantae, fungi |
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| Cells lack Nuclei, unicellular |
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| 1)Observation 2)Hypothesis 3)Data Collection 4)Analysis/Peer Review |
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| Only about 25 elements are essential |
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| Make up the vast majority of every living cell |
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| Elements are sparsely found in cells |
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| Two atoms share pairs of electrons |
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| One Atom donates one or more electrons to another atom |
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| An atom with a partial negative charge attracts an atom with a partial positive charge |
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| Cohesive, Solvent, Polar, can H-bond, participates in chemical reactions, allows for homeostasis |
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| The utilization of polymers to make more complex molecules with specialized functions |
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| energy storage, structure, are sugarsg |
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| membranes, energy storage, signaling |
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| structure, locomotion, transport, storage, catalysis |
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| information storage and transmission |
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| A combination of monosaccharides |
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| Hydrophobic, also known as fats, used in building membranes, chemical signaling like cholesterol and testosterone |
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| Complex and highly versatile, membrane proteins, hemoglobin, keratin, polymerases, antibodies, enzymes |
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| bonds between amino acid chains to form one or more polypeptides |
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| Approx 20 naturally occurring... |
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| Amino Acid Sequence of polypeptide |
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| localized areas of coils sheets and loops within a polypeptide |
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| overall shape of one polypeptide |
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| Overall Protein Shape, between multiple polypeptides that make up the function protein |
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| Proteins that have lost their shape ad function due to heat, pH, salts, etc |
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| make up long nucleic acid polymers (DNA, RNA) |
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| data storage molecule in the cells and encodes the "blueprints of life" |
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| serves multiple roles in the utilization of the genetic information stored in DNA |
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| 1) Organisms are made up of 1+ cells; 2) The cell is the fundamental unit of life; 3)cells come from preexisting cells |
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| Central to Life, make it possible to maintain and exchange nutrients into and out of the cell, control surface area to volume |
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| Came before Eukaryotic Cells, does not have a nucleus; divided into bacteria and archaea |
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| Most abundant and diverse organisms on the earth |
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| cells circular DNA molecule congragates |
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| Tail used to propel a cell(bacteria) |
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| Resemble bacteria, contain biochemicals that are different than bacteria or eukaryotes |
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| Very Diverse, contain membrane bound nucleus and organelles, cell membrane similar to bacteria |
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| Have cell walls, and chloroplasts |
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| Composed of phospholipid Bilayer and proteins that provide selective permeability |
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| Cholesterol, Sugar Molecules, transport Proteins all reside.... |
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| Have specialized functions and carry out the work of the cell |
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| Membrane found around nucleus |
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| Central part within the nucleus |
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| Proteins are synthesized here |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
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| Completes Folding Protein after Endoplasmic Reticulum, (Sorts and Packages) |
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| Lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes |
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| cellular digestion centers |
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| Photosynthesis occurs here, has it's own DNA |
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| Extracts energy from nutrients, tremendous surface area on which to conduct chemical reactions, has it's own DNA |
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| an intricate network of protein tracks and tubules |
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| Chemical Energy Stored in Bonds, concentration gradient across a membrane |
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| Light, Sound, Movement of Atoms an Molecules, Muscle Contraction |
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| The sum of all of the the chemical reaction |
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| Protein bio catalysts that reduce the activation energy for biochemical reactions |
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| Energy required to start a chemical reaction |
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| Enzymes create this such that substrates can bind and reactions can occur, lowering activation energy |
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| Substance moves across membrane without assistance of transport proteins |
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| Water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Definition
| substance moves across membrane with assistance of transport proteins |
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Definition
| Require energy to move and create concentration gradients |
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| Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, exocytosis |
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Definition
| move large molecules into/out of the cell, uses a lot of energy |
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Term
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Definition
6CO2 + 6H20 ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2
MEMORIZE |
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Term
| 2 stages of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| light reactions, carbon reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy from photons(light) is captured and stored in chemical bonds of ATP and NADPH |
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Definition
| Yields ATP, Light energy is transferred to reaction center, Two E's ejected, releases O2 when water s split |
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Definition
| Ejected es move down this, H+'s are pumped into thylakoid and leave through ATP synthase |
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Definition
| Yields NADPH, e-s reduce NADP+ to NADPH |
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| Carbon Reaction(kelvin Cycle) |
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Definition
| Produce Carbohydrates, take CO2, makes glucose(carbs) |
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Definition
| plant's process to create ATP |
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Term
| Aerobic Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
| cells use O2, and glucose to generate ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP generation without O2, anaerobic respiration common microbes |
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Definition
Reverse of photosynthesis:
C6H12O6 + 6O2----->6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP |
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Definition
| Always occurs in cytoplasm |
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Term
| The Krebs Cycle and electron transport occur... |
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Definition
| In mitochondria if possible |
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Definition
| Sugar splitting, requires oxygen, nets 2atp and 2 nadph |
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Definition
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| a polymer of nucleotides, made of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base |
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| Direction in which DNA is read |
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Definition
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Definition
| All of the genetic material in it's cells, entire genetic complement |
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Definition
| Contain most discreet sketches of the DNA in eukaryotes |
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| Described structure of DNA,and Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
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Definition
| DNA---->RNA , occurs in the nucleus |
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| RNA----->Protein , occurs in the cytoplasm, converts nucleotides to amino acids |
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Definition
| 5' to 3' as it is read 3' to 5' off the parent strand |
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Definition
| RNA Polymerase binds DNA at the genes promoter, DNA helix unwinds |
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Definition
| DNA threaded through RNApol at transcription bubble |
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| Transcription Termination |
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Definition
| RNApol reaches "bumps" in terminator region and "falls off" |
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Definition
| RNA must be modified before it is fully functional, caps are added, a poly adenine tail, introns are removed |
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Definition
| Noncoding nucleotide sequences that are not translated into proteins, occur at the ends of the sequence |
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| Coding nucleotides that lay between introns |
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| RNA Processing only occurs in... |
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Definition
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Definition
| mRNA is translated into a stretch of amino acids by enzymes and other RNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomal RNA, major component in Ribosomes that construct proteins |
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Definition
| Transfer RNA, interpreters that read the mRNA code; insert amino acids to the the growing protein, looks like a clover |
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| Amino Acid is composed of.... |
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Definition
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| How many stages are in protein synthesis |
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Definition
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| Protein Synthesis:initiation |
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Definition
| a small and large ribosomal subunit bind mRNA; first tRNA also binds |
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| Protein Synthesis:Elongation |
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Definition
| ribosome catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid in the peptidyl side (P-site) and the amino acyl site (A-Site) |
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| Protein Synthesis:Translocation |
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Definition
| ribosome ratchets over one codon jettisoning empty tRNA and accommodating another amino acyl tRNA |
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| Protein Synthesis: Termination |
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Definition
| elongation ceases once a stop codon is reached, release factors bind the ribosome and the complex falls off |
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Definition
| DNA availability, transcription factors, intron removal and processing, mRNA exit from nucleus, RNA degradation, protein processing and degradation |
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Definition
| Effects one nucleotide in a sequence |
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Definition
| Nucleotides are substituted, no additional nucleotides, just errors |
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Definition
| Insertion or deletion of bases |
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Definition
| Genetic Material is replicated, cell splits into two, most ancient form of division, identical offspring |
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Definition
| genetic makeup is derived from two parents, each parent contributes a sex cell or gamete, traits mixed/combined |
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Definition
| The process in which a zygote divides trillion of times to create a new organism, genetically identical division |
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| Creates unique gametes, genetically different offspring |
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Definition
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| asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes |
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| Chromosomes are made of... |
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Definition
| Chromatin(DNA + histone proteins) |
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Definition
| Adjacent forks of a the chromosome, they are identical |
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| Wound coils of DNA that make up the Chromosome |
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| The central portion of a chromosome |
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| Two members of a chromosome pair, one from the father, one from mother |
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| the sequence of events between divisions |
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| the time between divisions; cell growth and DNA replication |
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| division of the chromosomes |
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| division of the cytoplasm; splitting into 2 cells |
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| RNA, proteins and other molecules are made |
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| Preparing for cell division |
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