Term
| type of speciation that is not common overall, but is common in flowering plants |
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Definition
| sympatric speciation via hybridization and polyploidy |
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Term
| reproductive isolating mechanism that is most common in preventing closely related sympatric animal species from interbreeding |
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Definition
| differences in sexual signals |
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Term
| what the biological species definition works well with |
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Definition
| sexually-reproducing plants and animals that are sympatric |
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Term
| allopatric vs sympatric speciation - how common? |
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Definition
| allopatric speciation is more common, but sympatric speciation does occur |
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Term
| what tropic mode would be possessed by a bacterium that made its organic molecules from CO2, and to do so used energy from chemical reactions involving inorganic molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| eukaryotic cell is ____ larger than a bacterial cell |
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Definition
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Term
| monocots have ____ leaf veins; dicots have ______ leaf veins |
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Definition
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Term
| individual filament that is the basic unit of a fungus's body |
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Definition
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Term
| arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) |
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Definition
| are found in 80% of all land plant species |
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Term
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Definition
- are dead at maturity
- are wide and have large perforations at each end
- are not always accompanied by living "companion cells"
- are highly efficient tubes for conducting water in angiosperm plants |
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Term
| most important phenomenon accounting for a plant's ability to move water from the ground up |
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Definition
| transpiration (evaporation from leaves) |
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Term
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Definition
- movement of sugars in a plant
- occurs in sieve tube members
- is explained by an idea called "pressure-flow hypothesis" |
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Term
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Definition
- bending of a plant shoot toward a directional source of light
- only occurs in response to blue light
- first studied by Darwin and his son |
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Term
| red and far-red wavelengths of light are most important for |
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Definition
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Term
| a hominoid but not a hominid (using traditional classification of primates) |
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Definition
| lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) |
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Term
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Definition
- more closely related to humans than a New World Monkey
- doesn't have a prehensile tail
- Catarrhine monkey (pointed nose) |
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Term
| compared to other mammals, primates |
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Definition
- rely more on vision and less on olfaction
- are more likely to be day-active
- have fingernails, not claws |
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Term
| first member of genus Homo and first species to make stone tools |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-made the Acheulean hand ax
- lived for the longest duration of any species of Homo so far
- Java Man and Peking Man |
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Term
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Definition
| have bodies adapted for the conditions of Ice Age Europe |
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Term
| most favored theory for the origin of modern humans |
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Definition
| all modern humans came from an ancestor in Africa that lived 100,000-200,000 years ago |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carl Woese - how he changed the tree of life |
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Definition
| discovery that some prokaryotes, Archaea, are quite different from true bacteria and are more closely related to eukaryotes than to true bacteria |
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Term
| basis for traditional classification of bacteria |
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Definition
- whether it could be Gram-stained or not
- whether a species was photosynthetic or saprobe
- usual shape and number of the bacteria when examined under microscope
- NOT the nucleic acid squence |
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Term
| bacteria can exchange genes through |
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Definition
| transformation, conjugation and transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA organized into a number of linear chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
- only cellular organisms on earth for first half of life
- are most important in earth's ecological nutrient recycling processes
- exhibit greater biochemical/metabolic diversity than all other kinds of organisms combined |
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Term
| bacterium that breaks down large organic molecules, then uses energy from sunlight to build up into own large organic molecules such as proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Jackson St. George Mivart |
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Definition
| -there are some things that are too complicated and perfect to have evolved from a starting point |
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Term
| two ways new species come into being |
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Definition
| anagenesis (phyletic evolution) and cladogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
- never was more than one thing, but kept changing over time and is quite different from the starting thing
- good example: homo erectus
- by the time it is so different, it is decided it needs a new name |
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Term
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Definition
- no compelling reason for it to change
- maybe some colonize a new island and natural selection may take a different course
- even though old one did fine, new one popped up in a new location and changed
- clades = branches
- accounts for increase in species from UCA |
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Term
| for cladogenesis, must have almost no _____ |
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Definition
| gene flow between the two or would act as one big gene pool |
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Term
| biological species definition |
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Definition
- focuses on whether or not successful interbreeding can occur
- if make sterile baby, not a success |
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Term
| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| - to Burke, just as flawed as other concepts b/c subjective |
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Term
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Definition
- simple geographic isolation
- most common
- separation required depends on what species it is
- example: Galapagos finches (14 species) |
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Term
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Definition
- less common
- new species arises even though in same area as its ancestor
- soapberry and maggots |
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Term
| sympatric speciation by disruptive selection is less common than sympatric overall, but pops up more often than expected in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| sympatric speciation via polyploidy |
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Definition
- usually common in plants
- four requirements
~gametes from one species fertilizing gametes of another
~polyploidy mutation (in a germ-line cell)
~need someone else with same mutation |
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Term
| rarest way to get a species |
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Definition
sympatric speciation via simple hybridization
- rare to have a hybrid that is fully fertile, but not crossing back with the parents
-example: sunflower - can live where parents can't
-example: red wolf |
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Term
| examples of species who have hybridized each other out of existence |
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Definition
-Townsend warblers
-killer bees |
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Term
| pre-mating isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
- continuing geographic isolation
- habitat differences
- differences in breeding time
- behavioral isolation (courtship rituals) *most important*
- mechanical isolation (can't have sex; bee can't get pollen in) |
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Term
| post-mating isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
-gamete mortality
-zygote mortality
-hybrid sterility (worse case scenario - female wastes energy) |
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Term
| first person to include humans in classification scheme of nature |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| superfamily that includes all of the apes |
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Term
| some humans have 4-5% Neanderthal genes |
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Definition
| fits a scenario in which Neanderthals interbred |
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Term
| primate lineages - splits into two main branches |
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Definition
- prosimians
- anthropoids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| second split of primate lineages |
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Definition
| monkeys of Americas and monkeys of everything else (Old World) |
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Term
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Definition
| no Old World monkeys, some New World monkeys |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what makes a primate a primate? |
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Definition
-limbs (haven't changed much; whale, bat, horse; flexible lower arm; no claws; opposable thumb)
-vision (color; stereoscopic)
-upright
-life history strategy (quality over quantity)
-behavior (large numbers; large brains) |
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Term
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Definition
-general primate traits to a more exaggerate extent
-large size
-lack of tails
-especially large brains and complex behavior |
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Term
| evidence of human-ape relationship |
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Definition
-morphological similarity
-chromosomes
-protein sequences (99.3% same)
-DNA studies |
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Term
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Definition
rate and timing at which things happen when embryo develops
- don't change structural genes, just regulatory genes |
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Term
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Definition
(1) get bigger
(2) have cells acquiring specialized function
(3) acquiring adult body shape |
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Term
| _____ separate from others first (7 million years ago); then ______ (6 million) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| claim true hominid b/c something others say not |
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Term
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Definition
| millennium man; found by Leakies |
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Term
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Definition
4.5-4.3 million years ago
- Ardi |
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Term
| distinguishing apes and hominids |
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Definition
- brain size (human=larger)
- enamel thickness (human=thicker)
-dental arcade (human=continuous U/circular)
-canine size (human=not as pointy, smaller)
-canine shape (human=rounded, blunt)
-canine sexual dimorphism (human=barely a difference)
-premolar shape (humans=two nice bumps)
-location of foramen magum (human=bottom)
- knees (ridges to prevent hyperextension)
- feet
-pelvis (human= not tall, but deep)
-femur angle
-relative length of arms and legs
-rib cage (human=barrel) |
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Term
| first species in our genus |
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Definition
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Term
| almost exactly halfway between common ancestor and us |
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Definition
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