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| Protista- a large number of eukaryotes that do not fit into any of the other 3 eukaryotic kingdoms so are therefore grouped into a single kingdom called Protista. |
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| Clade- a taxonomic group composed an ancestor and all its descendents. |
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| Cladistics- A taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies of organisms that represent true phylogenetic relationship and descent. |
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| Monophyletic- in phylogenetic classification, a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its descendants. A clade is a monopyletic group. |
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| Polyphyletic- in phylogenetic classification, a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group. |
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| Paraphyletic- in phylogenetic classification, a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but nor all it’s descendents. |
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| Mixotrophic- a (micro)organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon. |
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| Producer- An autotrophic organism capable of producing complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules through the process of photosynthesis (using light energy) or through chemosynthesis (using chemical energy). |
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| Phytoplankton- Photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton, mainly unicellular algae. A type of plankton classified as a plant. |
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| Phylogenetic tree- a pattern of decent generated by analysis of similarities and differences among organisms. |
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| Phylogeny- The evolutionary history of an organism, including which species are closely related and in what order related species evolved. |
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| Clade- A taxonomic group composed of an ancestor and all of it’s descendants. |
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| Diplomonads- a group of flagellates, most of which are parasitic. They include most notably Giardia lamblia, which causes giardiasis in humans. |
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| Mitosome- an organelle found in some unicellular eukaryotic organisms. The mitosome has been detected only in anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms that do not have mitochondria. |
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Definition
| Parabasalids- The parabasalids are group of flagellate protozoa, most of which are symbiotic in animals. These include a variety of forms found in the guts of termites and cockroaches, many of which have symbiotic bacteria that help them digest wood. |
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| Mutualistic Symbiosis- In this type of symbiosis, both organisms of different species rely on one another for nutrients, protection and other life functions |
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| Euglenids- one of the best-known groups of flagellates, commonly found in freshwater especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine and endosymbiotic members. Most euglenids are unicellular. Many euglenids have chloroplasts and produce energy through photosynthesis, but others feed by phagocytosis or strictly by diffusion. |
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| Euglenozoans- a large group of flagellate protozoa. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. |
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Definition
| Kinetoplastids- a group of single-cell flagellate protozoa, including a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals, as well as various forms found in soil and aquatic environments. |
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Alveolates- there are three phyla, which are very divergent in form, but are now known to be close relatives based on various ultrastructural and genetic similarities:
- Ciliates, very common protozoa, with many short cilia arranged in rows
- Apicomplexa, parasitic protozoa that lack axonemal locomotive structures except in gametes
- Dinoflagellates, mostly marine flagellates, many of which have chloroplasts |
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Definition
| Alveoli- one or more of many small, thin walled air sacs within the lungs in which the bronchioles terminate. |
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Definition
| Dinoflagellates- a large group of flagellate protists. Most are marine plankton, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well. |
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Definition
| Apicomplexans- large group of protists, most of which possess a unique organelle called apicoplast and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell. They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively parasites of animals. |
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Definition
| Apical complex- apical complex: the characteristic organ complex of the Apicomplexa, including rhoptries, micronemes, polar rings, and, if present, the conoid. |
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Definition
| Plasmodium- stage in the life cycle of the myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds); a multinucleate mass of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane. |
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Definition
| Ciliates- a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagella but typically shorter and present in much larger numbers with a different undulating pattern than flagella. |
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| Conjugation (in ciliates)- temporary union of two unicellular organisms, during which genetic material is transferred from one cell to the other. |
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| Macronucleus- the larger type of nucleus in ciliates. |
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Definition
| Micronucleus- the smaller type of nucleus in ciliates. |
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Definition
| Flagella, eukaryotic- a tail-like projection that protrudes from the cell body, eukaryotes use their flagellum to propel ithemselves through the female reproductive tract. |
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Definition
| Cilia- a short cellular projection from the surface of a eukaryotic cell, having the same internal structure of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement as seen in a flagellum |
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Definition
| Microtubule- in eukaryotic cells, a long, hollow, protein cylinder, composed of protein tubulin; these influence cell shape, move the chromosomes in cell division, and provide the functional structure of cilia and flagella. |
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Definition
| Stramenopiles- stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 100,000 known species, most of them diatoms. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton. |
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Definition
| Diatoms- a major group of algae, and are one of the most common types of phytoplankton. Most diatoms are unicellular |
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| Brown Algae- is a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many seaweeds of colder Northern Hemisphere waters. They are from a eukaryotic group of organisms distinguished most prominently by having chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, suggesting an origin from a symbiotic relationship between a basal eukaryote and another eukaryotic organism. |
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Definition
| Secondary Endosymbiosis- the brown algae obtained their chloroplasts by engulfing one or more red algae. |
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Definition
| Oomycetes- all oomycetes “water molds” are either parasites of saprobes (organisms that live by feeding on dead organic matter) |
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| Phytophthora- a genus of plant-damaging Oomycetes (water molds), whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems. It caused the Irish Potato Famine in 1945 and 1947. |
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Definition
| Amoebozoans- heterotrophs that have lobe-shaped pseudopodia used for movement and feeding |
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Definition
| Forams- Aquatic amoebas with threadlike podia. Porous shells (tests) for podia. Tests of calcium carbonate |
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Definition
| Phagocytosis- the plasma membrane folds inward around the particle 9which may be another call) and engulfs it to form a vacuole. |
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Definition
| Slime molds- they are decomposers, 2 types; Plasmodial and Cellular. |
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| Plasmodial vs. Cellular- plasmodial where their feeding mode is multinuliate with a diploid plasmodium, no cytokinesis. Harsh conditions- sporangia that function in sexual reproduction. The other kind is cellular- they can be unicellular (feeding stage) of multicellulat. In harsh conditions cells aggregate. Then form fruiting body (asexual reproduction) |
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Definition
| Fruiting Body- macroscopic reproductive structure formed in asexual reproduction |
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Definition
| Rhodophyta- red algae, Phycobilisomes, in chloroplast, structures of protein + pigments. (also present in cyanobacteria) they absorb green & yellow light, mostly marine &unicellular, abundant in costal tropics, products ager, carageenen |
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Definition
| Chlorophyta- green algae, plant like chloroplasts, mostly freshwater, some damp soil, some marine, unicellular, multicellular, and colonial. |
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Definition
| Phycobilisomes- in chloroplast, structures of protein + pigments. (also present in cyanobacteria) absorb green & yellow light |
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Definition
| Colonial organism- several individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defence or the ability to attack bigger prey. |
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Definition
| Charophyte- a clade of streptophytes, are also green algae, and they are distinguished from chlorophytes by their close phylogenetic relationships to the land plants. |
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Definition
| Cellulose- The chief constituent of the cell wall in all green plants, some algae and few other organisms. |
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Definition
| Gametangia- a cell or organ in which gametes are formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryo- a multicellular developmental stage that follows cell division of the zygote. |
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Definition
| Stomata- in plants, a minute opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems, water mainly passes out of the plant through this. |
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Definition
| Cuticle- a waxy or fatty noncellular layer on the outer wall of epidermal cells. |
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Definition
| Lignin- a highly branched polymer that makes plant cells walls more rigid , very important in wood. |
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Definition
| Vascular tissue- containing or concerning vessels that conduct fluid. |
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Definition
| Xylem- a specialized tissue in vascular plants composed primarily of elongate, thick wall conducting cells, which transports water and solutes through the plant body. |
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Definition
| Phloem- a food conducting tissue basically composed of sieve elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers, and sclereids in vascular plants. |
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Term
| Alternation of generations |
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Definition
| Alternation of generations- the reproductive cycle in which a haploid phase (gametophyte) gives rise to gametes, which after fusion to form a zygote, germinate to produce a diploid phase (sporophyte). Spores produced by meiotic division from the sporophyte give rise to new gametophytes, thus completing the cycle. |
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Definition
| Gametophyte- the haploid gamete producing generation in plants which alternates with the diploid sporophyte. |
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Definition
| Sporophyte- the spore producing diploid phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations. |
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Definition
| Bryophyte- Bryophytes are land plants that are non-vascular they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. |
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Definition
| Antheridium- a sperm producing organ. |
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Definition
| Sporangium- a structure in which spores are produced. |
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Definition
| Sporopollenin- a major component of tough outer walls in spores and pollen grains. |
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Definition
| Rhizoids- a structure in plants and fungi that functions like a root in support and absorbtion. |
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| Lycophyta- a tracheophyte subdivision of the Kingdom Plantae. They differ from all other vascular plants in having microphylls, leaves that have only a single vascular trace (vein) rather than the much more complex megaphylls found in ferns and seed plants. |
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Definition
| Pterophyta- econd largest division of the plant kingdom. There are 20,000 species of ferns. |
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| Ferns- seedless vascular plant, Sporphyte dominant, Presence of vascular tissues, part of the Pterophyta. |
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Definition
| Bisexual gametophyte- A gametophyte that contains both an egg and a sperm in itself. |
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Definition
| Homosporous- in some plants, production of only one type of spore rather than differentiated types. |
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Definition
| Heterosporous- in vascular plants, having spores of two kinds, microspores and megaspores. |
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Definition
| Megaspores- germinates into a female (egg-producing) gametophyte |
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Definition
| Microspores- give rise to pollen grains and fertilizes the megaspore. |
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Definition
| Ovule- the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. |
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Definition
| Integumentan- extra layer or two that protects the ovule. |
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Definition
| Micropyle- in the ovules of seed plants, an opening in the integuments through which the pollen tube usually enters. |
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Definition
| Pollen tube- a tube formed after germination of the pollen grain; carries the male gametes into the ovule. |
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Definition
| Seed- a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. |
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Definition
| Seed Coat- the outer layers of the ovule, protects embryo and stored food. |
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Definition
| Gymnosperm- a group which includes coniferophytes, ginkophytes, cycadophytes, gnetophytes, all of which lack the flowers and fruits of angiosperms. |
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Definition
| Conifers- the most familiar gymnosperms, which include pines, spruces, firs, and others.. |
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