Term
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Definition
| anchors the plant in place, absorbs water and dissolves minerals, and the products of photosynthesis from the shoot system. Etreme branching. High surface area to volume ratio --> efficient nutrient, mineral, and H2O absorption from soil. |
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Definition
| consists of the stems, leaves, and flowers |
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Definition
| the chief organ of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| hold and display the leaves to the sun and provide connections for the transport of materials between roots and leaves, as well as hold the sexual organs (flowers). |
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Term
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Definition
generally narrow leaved flowering plants
Ex: grasses, lillies, orchids, and palms |
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Definition
broad leaved flowering plants
Ex: soybeans, roses, sunflowers, and maples |
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Term
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Definition
| the embryonic root where the root system of the angiosperm originates |
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Definition
| A root system typical of eudicots consisting of a primary root (taproot) that extends downwards by tip growth and outward by initiating lateral roots. (contrasts fibrous root system) |
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Definition
| a root extending outward from the taproot in a taproot system; typical typical of eudicot. |
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Definition
| A root system typical of eudicots consisting of a primary root (taproot). That extends downward by tip growthand outward by initiating lateral roots. |
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Definition
| from ground level or below, the roots of a typical primary monocot. |
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Definition
| a root system of monocots composed of numerous thin thin adventitious roots that are all roughly equal in diameter. (Contrasts taproot) |
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Definition
| roots that come out of the plant that help support the shoot and growth of the monocot plant. |
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Definition
| an undeveloped shoot that may or may not develop further to produce branches or produce |
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Term
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Definition
| in plants, the repeating modules that compose a shoot, each consisting of one or more leave, attached to one steam at a node; an internode; and one or more axillary nodes. |
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Definition
| point on a steam where a leaf is or was attached. |
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Definition
| region between two nodes on a plant steam |
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Definition
| a bud that forms in the angle axil where the leaf meets a steam. |
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Definition
| the bud a the end of a stem of a branch |
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Definition
| the arrangement of leaves along a stem |
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Definition
| the underground root portion of the potato that is eaten by humans. |
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Definition
| the thin flat portion which is attached to the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| the stalk of a leaf, it connects the leaf to the steam. |
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Definition
| an organelle bounded by a double membrane containing the enzymes and the pigments that preforms photosynthesis. Chloroplasts occur only in photo synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-enclosed organelle in plants that can function for storage, water concentration for turgor, or hydrolysis of stored macromolecules |
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Definition
| a relatively rigid structure that encloses cells of plants, fungi, many protists and most prokaryotes and which gives these cells their shape and limits their expansion in hypotonic medium |
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Definition
| in plant cells- a large organelle that stores the waste products of metabolism and maintains turgor. |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane in the plant central vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of poly saccharides that separates plant cells; a shared middle lamella lies outside the primary walls of the two cells |
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Term
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Definition
| in plant cells- a structure that forms at the middle lamella after cytokinesis, made up of cellulose myofibrils, hemicellulosis, and pectins (contrasts 2nd cell wall) |
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Term
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Definition
| a straight chain polymer of glucose molecules, used by plants as a structural supporting material |
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Term
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Definition
| cross linked cellulose polymers, forming strong aggregates in the plant cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| are highly branched polysaccharide chains that extensively cross-link the cellulose microfibrils |
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Term
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Definition
are heterogeneous polysaccharides that are more soluble than the other components
- Responsible for the gel quality of fruit and jam |
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Term
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Definition
| the living contents of a plant cell, the plasma membrane and everything contained within it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a thick, cellulosic structure internal to the primary cell wall formed in some plants after cell expansion stops (contrasts primary cell wall). non- edible by mammals and embedded in lignin's. |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex hydrophobic polyphenolic polymer in a plant cell walls that cross links other wall polymers, strengthening the walls, especially in wood. (Part of Secondary Cell Walls) |
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Term
| 2 ways plant cells interact to build and maintain complex organisms |
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Definition
1) cell wall is permeable by water and small mineral ions that reach the plasma membrane
2) The Endoplasmic Reticula of adjacent cells are connected by plasmodesmata, these pass through the primary wall and allow direct communication between plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cytomlasmic strand connecting two adjacent plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement of cells and tissues along the main axis from root to shoot |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentric arrangement of the tissue systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the plant tissue made up of undifferentiated actively dividing cells |
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Term
| Four most important differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells: |
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Definition
- Cell Wall
- Large Vacuole
- Chloroplasts
- Plasmodesmata (junctions between cells) |
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Term
| Three major types of cells in pants: |
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Definition
| Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma cells |
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Term
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Definition
- living at maturity
- thin primary cell walls
- totipotent (can divide and develop into a complete plant)
-large central vacuole
- can take on many shapes
- helps in: photosynthesis, storage, wound healing, asexual reproduction, transport of food water |
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Term
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Definition
alive at maturity
- thickened cell walls in some areas
- serve to stiffen leaves and stems |
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Term
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Definition
dead at maturity
- function in sopport and protection
-thick and rigid secondary walls
-infused with lignin
two types: fibers and Sclerids |
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Term
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Definition
continuous tissue throughout the plant in which substances are transported
two types:
-Xylem
-Phloem |
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Term
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Definition
water and mineral transport, dead at maturity
- distributes water and minerals taken up by the root and distributes to all steams and leaves
two types: Tracheids and Vessel Elements |
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Term
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Definition
transports sugars and other organic materials
- alive at maturity
two types of cells:
Sieve tube and companion cells - they function together |
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Term
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Definition
A type of Xylem cell
spindle shaped cells.
- in gymnosperms and other vascular plants
-conduct water upward |
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Term
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Definition
A type of Xylem cell
- end to end tubes
-more efficient at transporting water
-present in angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
In phloem
- the conducting cells
work only when companion cells are present |
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Term
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Definition
help Sieve tube members function
always functions with Sieve tube |
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Term
| Three main tissues in plants: |
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Definition
| Epidermal, Ground, and Vascular |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| How do plants extend their physical form? |
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Definition
| - Cell division and Cell expansion |
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Term
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Definition
| open ended growth in plants |
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Term
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Definition
All plants go through it.
-the lengthening of roots and shoots by continual growth in roots and shoots through branching |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in gymnosperms and dicots
- the increase in girth |
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Term
| Two types of meristem cells: |
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Definition
| apical meristem and Lateral Meristem |
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Term
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Definition
start primary growth, giving rise to the primary plant body
- characterized by cell division and cell elongation |
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Term
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Definition
start Secondary Growth
- two lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium)
- contributes to the secondary plant body |
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Term
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Definition
Birthed in the Apical meristems of root and shoots
- cylindrical
- three types: protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
- gives rise to three tissue types:
- dermal tissue
- ground tissue
- procambium |
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Term
| Leaf Primordia/ Bud Primordia |
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Definition
baby leaves/ baby buds
- in the axil of every leaf there is a little bud tissue |
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Term
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Definition
In meristematic cells
- are undifferentiated organelles that can differentiate into various organelles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a primary meristem
-becomes epidermis/ dermal tissue
-on the outside of the root |
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Term
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Definition
becomes ground tissue
-between the protoderm and procambium |
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Term
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Definition
a primary meristem
- becomes vascular tissue
grows in the center of the root |
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Term
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Definition
the outer layer of cells of the protoderm
-provides protection and absorption
most cells become root hairs |
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Term
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Definition
- given rise by the ground meristems of the root
- many layers thick
- often unspecialized and often serve as storage depots
- inner most layer of cortex=endodermis |
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Term
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Definition
| controls movement of water and move dissolved minerals to vascular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
In roots
- inward from the endodermis
- is produced by procambium
- consists of three tissues: pericycle, xylem, and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
In the stele of the vascular tissues
- consists of one or more layers of relatively undifferentiated cells
Three important functions:
-can contribute to secondary groth by giving rise to lateral meristems that thicken the root
- the tissue within which the lateral roots arise
- its cells contain membrane transport proteins that export nutrient ions into the cells of the xylem |
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Term
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Definition
in monocots
- the region of parenchyma cells
lies in the center of the root surrounded by xylem and phloem
- often stores carbohydrates
- found in the stems of dicots and monocots |
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Term
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Definition
division of cells in the vascular tissue
- each bundle contains both xylem and phloem
in stems
- DIcots- forms cylinders
-Monocots- they are scattered |
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Term
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Definition
Determinate organs
- produced by the shoot apical meristem |
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Term
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Definition
produces leaves from apical meristem
-develop from the primordia |
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Term
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Definition
Alternate- one leaf per node
Opposite- two leaves per node
Whorled - three or more leaves per node |
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Term
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Definition
underground storage organ
-swollen part of the underground stem
- Function: Nutrient storage |
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Term
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Definition
horrizontal
-oriented above ground stems
Function: vegetative reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
Horizontal underground stem
-produce ne individuals
Function: Vegetative reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
spiracle
low surface surface area to volume ration
Function: water storage |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of stem that a banana has |
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Term
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Definition
pointed stem
Function: Protection |
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Term
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Definition
outgrowth of epidermis
-randomly place around stem
- on roses |
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Term
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Definition
modified leaf
-not a modified stem |
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Term
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Definition
| tear in bark or epidermis which allows for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| chloropast containing photosynthetic cels on the interior of leaves |
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Term
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Definition
In Leafs
a cylindrical tissue consisting primarily of elongated cells that divide frequently
Function: supplies the cells of secondary xylem and secondary phloem - which eventually becomes wood and bark |
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Term
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Definition
produces mainly waxy-walled protective cells
-supplies some of the cells that become bark
- |
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Term
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Definition
secondary xylem
contain two lateral meristem:
- vascular cambium
-cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
girdling - disrupts phloem and vascular cambium
- stops sugar transport to the roots |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer tissue of the secondary plant body, consisting primarily of cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| al tissues external to the vascular cambium of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
in a leaf
- expanded portion of the leaf |
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Term
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Definition
leaf stalk
-between the stem and the leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| leaves that do not contain a petiole |
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Term
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Definition
leaf formation:
- one single blade
-not divided into multiple parts
- can be deeply lobed |
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Term
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Definition
Leaf formation:
-divided into leaflets
two types:
-Pinnately compound and Palmately compound |
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Term
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Definition
leaflets arise from either side of the rachis
-like a feather |
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Term
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Definition
leaflets diverge from petiole
- like the palm of your hand
- no Rachis |
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Term
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Definition
| and extension of the petiole |
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Term
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Definition
- Anchorage
-Absorption
-Conduction
- Storage |
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