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Bio 2051
Chapter 1
83
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
02/06/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Microbial communities
Definition
in biofilms microbes have specialized functions & act as multicellular organism and all live together
Term
Biofilms
Definition
are communities of different kinds of microorganisms
•Plaque on teeth, clogs in drains
Term
Viruses
Definition
are non-cellular- considered to be microbes but are not fully functional cells
Term
Prokaryotes 1. Bacteria 2. Archae Eukaryotes 3. Algae 4. Protists 5. Fungae (its own classification) 6. Viruses
Definition
6 major groups studied by microbiologists
Term
Black Plague
Definition
in Europe killed 1/3 population in 14th century
Term
Black Plague
Definition
– Typically transmitted through a flea that bites an infected rat that then bites a person and infects them
– People thought illness were caused by evil spirits, witchcraft, as punishment
Term
Smallpox
Definition
-in Americas
–Brought over by eupropeans
–Sometimes eupropeans gave Indians infected blankets to kill them off
Term
Florence Nightingale
Definition
convinced British govt to improve army living conditions & upgrade army hospital standards
Term
1) TB

2) AIDS
Definition
1) -in the 19th century

2) -in present day
Term
Robert hook in mid 1600s
Definition
Who was the first to term the word "cell"?
Term
•Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - 1676
Definition
–Built simple microscopes with only one lens
–Could magnify ab 300 times
–He drew everything he studied and was first person to publish his drawings and to see and document prokaryotes.
–He was a tailor and used microscopes to look at his quilts
–Never shared his secret on how to build his microscopes
–Described “wee animalcules”
–Published first drawings of bacteria (prokaryotes)
Term
Spontaneous Generation
Definition
that living organisms originate from non-living matter
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
in 1861 he showed that microbes do not grow in liquid until introduced from outside
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
in 1861 he showed that microbes do not grow in liquid until introduced from outside
Term
Pasteurization (named after Pasteur)
Definition
use of moderate heat to reduce number of microorganisms in foods (milk, wine, oysters)
Term
Others tried Pasteurs expts and didn’t have same results as he did-
Definition
some of the bacteria can withstand the heat and produce spores that will survive in boiling water. Pasteur just picked a veg broth to work with that didn’t have spores
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
Koch’s Postulates
- Series of steps to determine if a specific organism causes a certain disease
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
Developed 4 criteria for determining disease causing microbes from studying Anthrax
Term
1.The microbe is found in all cases of disease, but absent from healthy individuals
•HIV does not follow this. The symptoms are all different from person to person. The incubation period for this is so long these postulates would be impossible to determine
•Streptococcus lies dormant in some people. This can be passed to someone else and infect them. Also, if immune system decreases then dormant can become and infection


2.The microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
•Some bacteria cannot be grown in a lab

3.When the microbe is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the same disease occurs


4.The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased host and cultured to see if we get the same microbe
Definition
What are the 4 criteria in determing disease causing microbes?
Term
S aureus
Definition
10 % of people who are infected have symptoms
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Definition
-organism that causes TB
-Grows very slowly; hard to stain due to lipid content.
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
Who developed the Acid-Fast staining procedure?

he was awarded nobel prize in 1905 for discovery of TB
Term
Immunization
Definition
Stimulation of an immune response by deliberate inoculation with an attenuated pathogen
Term
Lady Montagu (early 1700’s)-
Definition
brought practice of inoculation with smallpox (variolation) to England from Turkey
Term
Variolation
Definition
inhaling scabs of someone infected with smallpox to vaccinate themselves with a much weaker form of the virus (attenuated the disease)
Term
Edward Jenner
Definition
1778, found that milkmaids exposed to cowpox were immune to smallpox
Term
Cowpox
Definition
What vaccination made people resistant to smallpox?
Term
Pasteur
Definition
-In 1879 studied Fowl Cholera
-He discovered by attenuating (making weaker) a disease it creates a vaccination
-Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, rabies (from dried rabbit spinal cords)
Term
mid 1800s
Definition
Golden age of microbiology?
Term
Ignas Semmelweis
Definition
-Puerperal fever/childbed fever
-Medical students carried “cadaver particles” from autopsy room to delivery room
-Caused by streptococcus
-Had med students wash hands in chlorinated lime water- reduced mortality rate from 18% to 1%
Term
Joseph Lister
Definition
•1864 - British surgeon found that survival rate of surgical patients increased if surgeons washed hands, sterilized instruments, and used disinfectants (carbolic acid/phenol) during surgery
Term
Paul Ehrlich
Definition
•Used term “chemotherapy” – using chemicals to kill pathogens without harming patient
Term
Paul Ehrlich
Definition
•Found arsenic compounds used to destroy trypanosomes
-arsenic later found to be harmful to humans
Term
Paul Ehrlich
Definition
Discovered Salvarsan to treat Syphilis
Term
Alexander Fleming (1929)
Definition
•Discovered antimicrobial effects of penicillin G (produced by penicillium notatum fungus) on staphylococcus
Term
Florey and Chain
Definition
who determined mode of action of penicillin and developing method of mass producing the drug
Term
Alexander Fleming, Florey, and Chain
Definition
Who received the 1945 nobel prize in medicine?
Term
1945
Definition
When did penicillin become available for general use?
Term
World War II
Definition
In what war was penicillin first used?
Term
Fannie Hesse in 1882
-She was the wife of Robert Koch's
Co-worker
Definition
Who had the idea of using agar to grow bacteria?
Term
Agar
Definition
polysaccharide derived from red algae
Term
Robert Petri of course
(1887)
Definition
Who invented the Petri dish?
Term
Observed “wee animalcules" (Antony Leeuwenhoek)

First scientific Small pox vaccination (Edward Jenner)

Advocated washing hands to stop the spread of disease (Ignaz Semmelweis)

Disproved spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur)

Supported Germ Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur)

Practiced antiseptic surgery (Joseph Lister)

Growth of Bacteria on solid media (Robert Koch)

Outlined Kochs postulates (Robert Koch)

First Rabies vaccination (Louis Pasteur)

Invented Petri Dish (R.J. Petri)

Discovered viruses (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski)

Discovered cure for syphilis Salvarsan 606 (Paul Ehrlich)

Discovered Penicillin (Alexander Fleming)
Definition
Place the following in order...
Discovered cure for syphilis Salvarsan 606 (Paul Ehrlich)
First Rabies vaccination (Louis Pasteur)
Disproved spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur)
Practiced antiseptic surgery (Joseph Lister)
Discovered Penicillin (Alexander Fleming)
First scientific Small pox vaccination (Edward Jenner)
Observed “wee animalcules" (Antony Leeuwenhoek)
Outlined Kochs postulates (Robert Koch)
Advocated washing hands to stop the spread of disease (Ignaz Semmelweis)
Growth of Bacteria on solid media (Robert Koch)
Invented Petri Dish (R.J. Petri)
Discovered viruses (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski)
Supported Germ Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur)
Term
0.1%
Definition
What percent of microbes in our biosphere can be culutured in lab?
Term
Anaerobes
Definition
-What type of microbes do not need or
use oxygen?
-Found at the bottom of swamps
Term
-Anaerobic
–High pressure
–Hot or cold temperatures
–No organic carbon
-instead use light energy and
CO2
Definition
Where can microbes be found?
Term
Winogradsky column
Definition
• Layers grow different species, reflecting different conditions they require (need o2, grow at stop doesn’t need o2 grow at bottom, need sun, grow towards light etc)
Term

–Nitrogen cycle •Bacteria fix N2 to NH4

–Carbon cycle •Photosynthetic microbes fix most carbon

–Sulfur cycle

–Phosphorus cycle

Definition
Microbes cycle most elements on earth (List them)
Term
Asexually (Binary fission)
Definition
how do microbial species reproduce?
Term
–Difficult to distinguish by shape (or outward characteristics)

–Often reproduce asexually (binary fission)

–Pass DNA to each other without reproduction
Definition
Why are microbial species difficult to classify? (Carolus Linnaeus - "father of taxonomy" he created binomial nomenclature)
Term
–Gram stain

–Ability to metabolize different substrates
Definition
Use biochemical properties to classify
Term
–Bacterial genomes are relatively small so easy to sequence

–2 distinct species share no more than 95% similarity of DNA sequence
Definition
Use nucleic acid sequencing to classify
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
Bacteria and Archae are both what?
Term
rRNA sequencing
Definition
how are Domains determined?
Term
Bacteria
Definition
What are most prokaryotes that we encounter?
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Salmonella and Escherichia coli are examples of what?
Term
Archae
Definition
prokaryotes that live in extreme enviornments: hot springs, glaciers, salt lakes
Term
Methanococcus and Halobacterium
Definition
What are two examples of Archae?
Term
False
Definition
Archae are bacteria. T/F?
Term
Saccharomyces yeast
Definition
what is used to make beer and bread?
Term
Diatoms & Seaweed
Definition
example of algae?
Term
Protozoa (protists)
Definition
Unicellular, motile, no cell wall

Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, & Giardia
Term
Endosymbiosis

(Symbiotic)
Definition
theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship (between 2 prokaryotes)

one cell engulfed a second cell and a (___________) relationship developed
Term
Endosymbiosis
Definition
Eukaryotes evolved through what?
Term
Endosymbiosis
Definition
Mitochondria and Chloroplast are thought to have evolved this way
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
________ evolved from respiring bacteria similar to E. coli
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
evolved from phototroph such as cyanobacteria
Term
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Definition
-Have 2 membranes (body cells have 1 membrane)

-possess their own DNA and ribosomes (separate from the cell DNA and is similar in arrangement to bacteria DNA)

-are about the size of a prokaryotic cell

-divide by a process similar to bacteria (independently of the cell they reside in- binary fission)
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
Which is smaller a Eukaryote or prokaryote?
Term
2μm

0.2μm
Definition
size of smallest eukaryotic cell?

prokaryotic cells can be as small as
Term
0.2μm
Definition
at what size is a cell considered a nanobacteria?
Term
Coccus

Diplococcus

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Tetrads
Definition
- single cells

- 2 cells

- chains of more than 2 cells

- grape like cluster of cells

- packets of 4 cells
Term
Cocci


Bacillus
Definition
Most simple bacterial shape?


Most common bacterial shape?
Term
spirilla

spirochetes

Vibrio
Definition
•Rigid spiral-shaped bacteria are called

•Flexible spiral-shaped bacteria are called

-curved rods
Term
condensor lens
Definition
o located between light source and specimen
o Focuses the light rays up through specimen. Does not help with magnification.
Term
Objective lens
Definition
o Closest to specimen. Typically on revolving nose piece.
o Typical scope has 10, 40, & 100X objective lenses
o In each has multplie lenses.
Term
Ocular lens
Definition
o Closest to the eye
o Typically magnify 10x
o Each has multiple lenses
Term
shape, arrangement, and endospores
Definition
What can you determine at 1000x magnification?
Term
Resolution
Definition
- ability to distinguish between 2 objects that are close together
Term
0.2 micrometers
Definition
Highest resolution of a typical light microscope is
Term
wavelength of light & numerical aperture
Definition
Resolution is determined by ?
Term
filter
Definition
by use of what we can single out the shortest wavelength?
Term
Thiomargarita namibiensis
Definition
Super-size cells - ______________________ is the size of a fruit fly head
-AKA “Sulfur pearl of Namibia”
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