Term
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Definition
| • Biology is the study of life |
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Term
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Definition
| • The cell is the basic unit of life • All organisms are composed of one or more living cells |
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Definition
| • the simplest form of life |
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Definition
• the cell is the basic unit of life in which all living organisms are comprised and living organisms can only be derived from pre-existing living cells
• life can only come from life |
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Term
| What Makes a Living Organism (6) |
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Definition
• cellular organization – one or more cells
• metabolism – production or consumption of energy
• homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment or condition(energy metabolizing create homeostasis)
• growth and reproduction
• heredity – all organisms contain DNA parentheses genetic material contains genes for looks and function)
• response to stimuli |
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| Organization of Organisms in the World |
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Definition
• atom – fundamental element of matter
• molecule – the joining of atoms
• macromolecules – larger and more complex molecules
• organelles – membrane bound structures inside the cell they carry out specific instructions inside the cell
• cell – basic unit of life
• tissue – group of similar cells that function together as one unit
• organs – groups of tissues working together to perform a common function
• systems – groups of organs working together to perform a common function
• organisms – combination of all previously stated
• population – some species(closely related set of organisms that look alike and meet with each other), some location, at the same time
• community – all the populations of the same species living together in the same area
• ecosystem – community plus water and soil (resources)
• biosphere – all life on earth and all places where life exists |
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Definition
• the gradual change in organisms over time
• it is in direct response to natural selection |
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| Natural Selection (Definition and Creators) |
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Definition
• when populations hereditable variations (differences in certain traits) are exposed to enviromental factors that favor reproductive success of some individual over others(survival of the fittest)
• created by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of naming in classifying organisms |
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Definition
| – all organisms are assigned a two-part scientific name that is derived by the genus and species of the organism. |
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| Classifications of organisms |
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Definition
Kingdoms
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species |
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| What Keeps Electrons around the Nucleus? |
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Definition
| o The attraction to the positive protons in the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| o the path the electrons take around the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
different number of neutrons than the original form
o this is an alternate form of an element that all have the same atomic number but different atomic mass |
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Term
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Definition
| – decided by which is the most common form |
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Term
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Definition
| the more neutrons the nucleus has the more it becomes unstable and begins to break down and admits radiation these isotopes are called radioactive isotopes and naturally occur |
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Term
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Definition
| The outtermost shell of electron and element is most stable when it is full (either 2 or 8) |
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Term
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Definition
| is a charged atom that has either gained or lost an electron |
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Term
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Definition
| o positively charged ions |
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Term
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Definition
| o negatively charged ions |
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Term
| Ionic bonds (like Ironic) |
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Definition
| form when to oppositely charged ions come together (like salt) |
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Term
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Definition
| o the bond created by sharing the electrons |
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Term
| What is the strongest type of bond |
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Definition
| Covalent Bonds with the triple covalent bond being the strongest of them all |
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Term
| How many covelant bonds can you make a one time? |
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Definition
| Three (triple covalent bond) |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-polar and polar covelant bonds |
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Term
| Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (CARBON AND HYDROGEN ARE OFTEN USED) |
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Definition
| o bond where the electrons are being shared equally between two atoms and doesn't form a charge |
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Term
| Polar Covalent Bonds (electronegativity) |
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Definition
| o this is a bond where the electrons are not shared equally and creates a bond based on electronegativity |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of an atoms attraction for shared electrons in a covalent bond |
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Term
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Definition
| o water loving or anything that can dissolve in water |
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Term
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Definition
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| What bonds do metals and non metals form? |
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Definition
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| What bonds do nonmetal and nonmetal form |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cohesive
adhesive
disolving power
best transporting material
high specific heat
Evaporative cooling ability
abosorbs energy
Ice acts as insulator
universal solvent
Helps chemical reactions
Plays a role in pH |
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration |
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Term
| What has a higher hydrogen concentration acids or bases? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Each pH unit differs by a multiple of 10x |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that when added to water increases hydrogen ion concentration and lowers the pH |
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Term
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Definition
| lowers hydrogen concentration and highers pH |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that when added to a solution can act as either an acid or a base to help prevent changes in pH both can accept and release hydrogen ions |
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Term
| Four types of Macromolecules |
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Definition
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| – longer structures made by linking repeating subunits together with covalent bonds (bond created by the sharing of electrons) |
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Term
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Definition
| – the repeating subunit in the polymer |
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Term
| dehydration reaction (RxN) |
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Definition
| a molecule of water will be removed and a covalent bond formed in place of it (needed to form polymers). |
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Term
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Definition
| adding water to break a covalent bond |
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Term
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Definition
| they are all made from sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| single sugar – all have the formula (CH2O)N |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| six carbon sugar in which all isomers have the same molecular formula but not the same structural formula |
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Term
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Definition
| mirror image of structure |
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Term
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Definition
| is when the OH on carbon one is in the opposite plain of carbon six |
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Term
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Definition
| is when OH on carbon one is the same plain as carbon six |
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Term
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Definition
| the covalent bond between two sugars |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the disachride maltose formed |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the disachride Sucrose formed |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the disachride lactase formed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long Chain of Sugars Linked by Covalent Bonds and Usually Glucose Molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| branch of starch that forms when sugars bond between carbons one and six (animal liver and muscle). |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to store sugar by forming a highly branched polymer found in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural Polysaccharide and Plants Made by Linking Beta Glucose Together. |
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Term
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Definition
| structural polysaccharide in insects and produces the exoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
• fats, waxes, oils, steroids, pigments
insoluble in water and hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| monounsaturated and polyunsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
| • All Single Bonds That Are Saturated with hydrogen = that on every side of the carbon and forms a nice straight carbon chain |
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Term
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Definition
• found in plants
• kinky structural formula
• oils
• double bonds on carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| Converting unsaturated to saturated fat |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrogenating to remove the cis formation (kink in the chain) to create a transfat which is now saturated |
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Term
| How do fats transport in the body? |
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Definition
| adding a protien to create a lipoprotein |
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Term
| Types of cholesterol and impact |
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Definition
high density lipoprotein (HDL)- Good cholesterol
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) – bad cholesterol |
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Term
| How are phospholipids made? |
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Definition
| has a glycol backbone attached to fatty acid and a choline (phosphate) |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that is both hydrophobic and phillic |
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Term
| What is the purpose of phospholipid? |
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Definition
| the formation of the phospholipid bilayer (CELL MEMBRANE) |
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Term
| Charecteristics of the cell membrane |
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Definition
| self sealing, self repairing, and flexible. |
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Term
| Seven Functions of proteins |
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Definition
• Enzyme's
• Structural Proteins (hair)
• storage proteins (eggs)
• transport proteins (cellular level)
• regulatory protein
• Motile protein (mobility and muscles in the body)
• Protection (antibodies) |
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Term
| Most abundant protien in the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Almost nothing can be made or done inside the body without protein.
Protein – made from amino acids |
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Term
| Peptide bond (covalent bond) |
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Definition
| links an amino group and a carboxyl group and forms an amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
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Term
| Primary Structure of Amino Acids |
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Definition
| – sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain (like spelling with certain amino acids forming in a specific organized group to form a p-r-o-t-e-i-n) |
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Term
| Secondary Sequence of amino acids |
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Definition
| – Polypeptide Will Either Fold into an Alpha Helix or a Beta Pleated Sheef with the alpha helix looking like a spiral and the pleated chief looking like a paper fan. |
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Term
| Tertiary Sequence of amino acids |
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Definition
| the secondary sequence further folds into a 3-D gobbler or fibrous structure. (when she crunches the paper to make a ball with ridges on the outside and those helix/beta structures on the end) this is the stage which amino acids become functional. |
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Term
| Quaternary sequence of amino acids |
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Definition
| when multiple polypeptides fold into their tertiary structure to form a functional protein example hemoglobin – four separate polypeptides to form this protein |
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