Term
| describe what matter is composed of. |
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Definition
| matter occupies space and has weight and includes all solids, gases and liquids in our environment and our bodies |
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| Describe what atoms are composed of |
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Definition
| they are made up of protons and electrons |
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6 protons
6 neutrons
6 electrons |
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| explain what is meant by ions |
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| if an atom gains or loses an electron making the atom have a positive or negative charge |
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| the number of protons in an atom |
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| determined by the number of protons and neutrons |
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| different varieties of that element, different number of neutrons |
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| describe the three major types of atomic bond |
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Definition
1) covalent bonds- share electrons
2)ionic bonds- donate electrons or receive electrons
3) hydrogen bonds- weak bonds, they denature, important in maintaining the shapes of proteins |
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Term
| Distinguish between a molecule and an atom |
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Definition
| molecule- when atoms bond together, combination of atoms |
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| describe the use of simple and structural formulas to represent chemical compounds |
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Definition
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| describe at least the first two types of chemical reactions |
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Definition
1)synthesis reactions- when amino acids are joined together with covalent bonds to form a protein
2)dissociation or decomposition reactions-an example is when a molecule of glycogen is broken down into its individual glucose molecules |
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Term
| describe the second two types of chemical reactions |
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Definition
3)exchange reactions- (AB+CD -> AD+CB)
4)reversible reactions- ex) carbon dioxide combines with water in the blood flowing through active muscles to form carbonic acid |
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Definition
| release H+ when dissolved in water |
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Definition
| combine with hydrogen ions in a solution |
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| substances that are bonded together by electrovalent bonds dissociate into their constituent ions when dissolved in water |
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| the acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
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| List the major inorganic substances found in cells |
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Definition
| water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium sulfate |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids |
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| carbohydrates are divided into |
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Definition
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides |
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triglycerides (fats)
phospholipids
steroids |
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six-carbon-
glucose, fructose, galactose
five-carbon-
deoxyribose (DNA)
ribose (RNA) |
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Definition
sucrose (C12H22O11) glucose+ fructose
lactose (glucose+ galactose) |
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Definition
glycogen-many glucose molecules strung together
starch- vegetable |
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| consist of glycerol plus 3 fatty acids such as oleic, stearic, and palmitic |
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Definition
testosterone
estradiol
cortisol
cholesterol |
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Definition
phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylethanolamine
phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylinositol |
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Definition
albumin, hemoglobin, collagen, amylase, enzymes
cholesterol |
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Definition
| when hydrogen bonds are broken in a protein. abnormally high or low phs and heat |
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| list the three components of a nucleotide |
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Definition
a nitrogen containing base
a 5 carbon sugar
one or more phosphate groups |
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| chemical makeup of triglycerides |
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Definition
| one molecule of glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acid molecules |
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Term
| chemical makeup of phospholipids |
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Definition
| one molecule of glycerol covalently bound to two fatty acid molecules |
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| chemical makeup of cholesterol |
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Definition
| multiple ring structure, amino acid side chains |
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Term
| general structure of an amino acid |
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Definition
has an NH2 group at one end and a COOH group (carboxyl group at the other.
amino acids are joined viz covalent bonds |
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Term
| describe the basis of some genetic diseases |
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Definition
| seem to involve a change (mutation) in one amino acid in an important protein (such as an enzyme or structural protein) the consequences can be tragic |
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Term
| explain the five levels of organization in the body |
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Definition
1) molecules ex) water, DNA
2)cells ex)white blood cells
3)tissues ex)muscle tissue, nerve tissue
4)organs
5)systems ex) digestive system, reproductive system |
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Term
| LOOK AT PG 20 for cavities |
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Definition
dorsal, ventral
cranial thoracic
ventral abdomino pelvic |
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Term
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Definition
| brain in the dorsal cavity |
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Definition
| spinal cord part of the dorsal cavity |
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Definition
trachea
lungs
heart
esophagus
thymus
part of the ventral cavity |
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Definition
gall bladder
liver
intestines
stomach
spleen
part of the abdominopelvic in the ventral cavity |
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Definition
large intestine
reproductive organs
urinary bladder |
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Definition
1)oral (teeth and tongue)
2) orbital (eyes etc.)
3)nasal (connected to sinuses)
4)middle ear (middle ear bones) |
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Term
| list the membranes associate with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
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Definition
thoracic
1)pleural-lines thoracic cavity and covers lungs
2) pericardial-surrounds heart and covers its surface
abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal-lines abdominopelviv cavity and covers organs inside (stomach, intestines etc. |
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| support, protection, movement |
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Definition
| skeletal system, muscular systemq |
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| integration and coordination |
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Definition
| nervous system, endocrine system |
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Term
| processing and transporting |
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Definition
digestive system
respiratory system
circulatory system
lymphatic system
urinary system |
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Definition
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Definition
superior= toward the head
inferior= away from the head |
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Definition
anterior=toward the front
posterior= toward the back |
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Definition
medial=toward the midline
lateral=toward the side |
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proximal-toward the main mass of the body
distal=away form the main mass of the body |
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Definition
superficial-toward the surface of the body
deep- away form the suface of the body |
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Definition
central- at the center
peripheral-around the outside |
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| divides the body into left and right portions |
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| any cut that divides the body into superior and inferior segments |
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| a cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions |
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| the vertebra or spinal columnn |
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Definition
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Term
| The four stages of mitosis are |
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Definition
1)prophase-chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes. Nucleolus disappears
2)metaphase-mitotic spindle stretched across the cell, centromere for each chromosome becomes attached to a spindle fiber
3)anaphase-centromeres divide, one centromereis attached to a spindle fiber that leads to one end of the cell
4)telophase- nucleus reforms, the chromosomes unwind and disperse, the nucleolus reappears |
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Term
| define what is meant by cell differentiation and what this means in terms of gene expression |
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Definition
| differentiation-the daughter cells start to look different from one another some become skin cells or bone cells... gene expression- some genes are turned off and some are turned on page 43 |
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Definition
cell suicide
ex) webs of skin between the fingers and toes fo the fetus are destroyed |
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Term
| describe the ways in which cells differ from each other |
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Definition
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Term
| draw a cell and label the plasma membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth0 Golgi apparatus and mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the molecular architecture of the plasma membrane and relate it to function |
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Definition
hydrophilic Polar head groups, fatty acid tails
it is freely permeable to lipid soluble substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. it is impermeable to water souluble subatances like sugars, amino acids and ions |
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Term
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Definition
| contain bound carcobydrates . thery are found in the outer half of the bilayer, and are involved in mediating cell to cell recognition |
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Definition
| play an important role in stiffening the membrane pg 33 |
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Definition
| transports materials within the cell, provides attachment for ribosomes and synthesizes lipids |
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Definition
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Definition
packages and processes proteins and other macromolecules for secretion of for transport to other parts of cell
like a post office |
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Definition
| oxidize carbon fuels the energy released being packaged in ATP molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| represent the cell's garbage disposal system. contain enzymes capable of digesting substances that enter cells and worn-out organelles such as mitochondria |
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Definition
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Definition
| help distribute chromosomes to daughter cells during cell reproduction and inititate formation of cilia |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| contain various substances that recently entered the cell and store newly synthesized molecules |
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Term
| microfilaments and microtubules |
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Definition
| support cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| storage of triglycerides, carbohydrates, melanin granules which cause skin pigmentation |
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Term
| describe the structure of the nucleus and what it contains |
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Definition
the nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which contains nuclear pores that allow passage of large molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
1)nucleolus-produces ribosomes
2)chromatin-molecules of DNA that contain info needed for protein synthesis
3)nuclear matrix- consists of a variety of molecules that play a role in gene expression |
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Term
| list the three ways in which substances can pass across the plasma membrane without the need for energy expenditure by the cell |
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Definition
physical prosses- don't require energy
1)simple diffusion
2)facilitated diffusion
3) osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
physiological processes
1)active transport
2)endocytosis
3)exocytosis |
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Term
| be able to draw general layout of an epithelium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| look at examples on google |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
diffusion
filters blood in kidney
lines blood vessels (vascular endothelium
lines body cavities (meothelium)alveoli of lungs- the exchange of oxygen and CO2 |
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Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
made up of a single layer of cube-shaped cells that function toward absorption, secretion and excretion.
FOUND: covering the surface of the female ovaries, lining the capsule of the lens of the eye, forming the tublule system in the kidneys where it is involved in the reabsorption of water. It can also be found lining small ducts and glands where secretion is involved |
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Term
| Simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
Found: line the small intestine have microvilli function to increase the surface area of the columnar cells that function to absorb nutrients as they passthrough the small intestine. contain mucus secreting goblet cells that functions as a lubricant, cilia are found of the columnar cells of the upper respiratory tract and in the female's uterus and fallopian tubes
FOUND: stomach, nasal sinus ,aand central canal of the spinal cord |
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Term
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Definition
nuclei at various depths in cell
found: upper respiratory tract, in some parts of the male reproductive system, the epithelium functions to entrap foreign particles in the mucus and then to remove such substances through the action of cilia that propel the entrapped particles upward out of respiratory tract. In the reproductive sytem the cilia aid in the movement of sex cells |
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Term
| Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
many layers,
found in outer layer of the skin (epidermis) and found lining the mouth , throat, esophagus , vagina, and anal canal, keratin causes the top cells to harden and die, provide protective barrior |
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Term
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Definition
outher cells are cuboidal in shape not flat like stratified squamous.
can chance shape in under the influence of pressure
found: urinalry bladder and other parts of the urinary tract |
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Term
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Definition
| a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances produced within the cell of group of cells into ducts onto surfaces into tissues or into the blood |
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Term
| different types of glands |
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Definition
exocrine glands-secrete their cellular products into ducts that lead to a free surface, be it the skin or the lumen of a how organ
includes sweat glands, salivary glands and the goblet cells. Endocrine gland does not have a duct or conduit through which the secretions travel, rather these secretions are dumped directly into the bloodstream. |
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Term
| name the eight functions of connective tissue |
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Definition
1) binds structures together
2)supports and protects
3)serves as a framework
4)fills up spaces
5)stores fat
6) generates blood cells
7)protects against infections
8)helps repair tissue damage |
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Term
| name five cell types found in connective tissue and describe their function |
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Definition
1)fibroblasts-produce fibers
2)macrophages-phagocytize cellular debris bacteria etc, important in inflammatory response
3)mast cells- full of granules which contain histamine, heparin and proteases(enzymes that digest proteins) ...
4)white blood cells- increase dramatically during inflammation. ex)neutrophils
5)specialized cells-chondrocytes and osteocytes |
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Term
| name the two types of fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| name the special type of protein found in the ground substance of connective tissue |
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Definition
| proteoglycans-they bind water and play an important role in maintaining the hydration of a tissue |
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Term
| Loose connective tissue/ areolar connective tissue |
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Definition
no dominant fiber
provides flexibility and strength
FOUND: surrounding blood vessels and nerves, muscle fibers and muscle groups and binding skin to underlying muscles |
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Term
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Definition
no fibers
shock absorber, insulates, fills spaces, cushions, gives shape to body surfaces, holds organs in place
FOUND: around the eyes, around many organs, and at the joints |
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Term
| dense regular connective tissue |
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Definition
predominantly collagen fibers that are densely packed and arraged parallel to the direction of the force
poor blood supply so it heals slowly
FOUND: tendons,ligaments, and aponeuroses (sheet-like tendons connecting one muscle with another or with bone |
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Term
| Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
predominantly collagen fibes. Interwoven in three dimensions like a basket weave they provide strength in all directions, limited blood supply that makes the healing process very slow
FOUND: dermis of the skin, in sheaths covering muscles, nerves and in the adventitia of blood vessels. Also found forming capsules covering various organs and joints, making up the sclera of the eye and the membrane covering cartilage and bone |
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Term
| elastic connective tissue |
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Definition
elastic fibers
can be stretched and recoil
FOUND: walls of arteries, in the trachea, and lungs, in the larnx and between adjacent vertebrae |
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Term
| reticular connective tissue |
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Definition
made up of a network of thin collagen fibers
provides a supporting framework for a number of organs
FOUND: liver, spleen, and lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
1)regulation of body temp
2)protection
3)sensation
4)excretion
5)synthesis of vitamin D |
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Term
| describe the structure of skin and include all of its layers |
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Definition
epidermis
-stratum corneum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale
dermis
subcutaneous layer pg 72 and 73 |
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Term
| list the three accessory structures of skin |
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Definition
1)hair follicles
2)glands
3)nails |
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Term
| describe the structure of a hair follicle |
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Definition
a smooth muscle called arrector pili extends from te dermis to the side of the hair follicle,
a sebaceous or oil gland is connected to the hair follicle see page 74 |
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Term
| what is keratinization? to what group of chemical substances does keratin belong/ |
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Definition
| keratinization-where cells die and become packed with a tough, fibrous, waterproof protein called keratin. its a protein |
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Term
| describe the three types of glands associated with the skin |
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Definition
sebaceous glands-associated with hair follicles, secrete an oily material called sevum, keeps the hairs and skin soft and pliable
2)sweat glands-
1-aporine glands
2-merocrine glands/called eccrine
have an odor
3)ceruminious glands- modified sweat glands found only in the external ear canal |
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Term
define a gland
describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands |
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Definition
endocrine secrete hormones into the blood stream
exocrine glands have ducts that realse the produces they produce |
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Term
| how do bones develop and grow |
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Definition
| either intermembranous or enchondral ossification |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
| examples of intrmembranous bones |
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Definition
flat bones of the skull
the mandible and clavicle |
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Term
| how are intramembranous bones formed |
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Definition
| these bones begin as layer of vascularized fibrous connective tissue. Osteoblasts, bone forming cells differentiate from osteoprogenitor cells and begin to deposit a bony calcified matrix around themselves. Eventually as more and more matrix gets deposited the osteoblasts become totally surrounded by the matrix and are left within small cavities called lacunae. They are now called osteocytes. the bone that forms is spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)the cartilaginous model tibia is ensheathed in peichondrium
2)a periosteal collar forms, a primary ossification center develops, where bone replaces cartilage and a marrow cavity appears
3)blood vessels invade from the perichondrium, penetrating the marrow cavity. The artilage model continues to grow at its ends
4)periosteal collar thickens and lengthens due to theactivity of osteoblasts in the periosteum. Secondary ossification centers appear at the epiphyses when spongy bone is layed down
......see page 86 |
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Term
| name the types of bone and give an example each |
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Definition
1)long-femur
2)short-equal in length and width/ bones in the wrist or of the ankle transfer forces
3)flat- somewhat broad and thin skull, ribs
4)irregular- variety of shapes ex)vertebrae
5)round/sesamoid-some bones in wrist and the patella occur within tendons at joints the endure a lot of pressure |
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Term
| name the parts of a long bone |
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Definition
diaphysis-long portion of the bone
epiphyses-ends of the long bone
the epiphyses are covered in hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage.
Dense irregular connective tissue called periosteum covers the remainder of the surface of the bone
page 85 |
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Term
| how is bone similar to reinforced concrete |
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Definition
it provides compressional strength, and it contains steel rods/collagen fibers (providing tensile strength)
calcium phosphate mainly in the formof mineral hydroxylapatite is like concrete it provides compressional strength pg 83 |
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Term
| draw the microscopic organization of compact bone |
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Definition
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Term
| list and describe the four types of cell found in bone |
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Definition
osteoblasts-bone forming cells
osteoclasts-break down bone
osteoprogenitors-
osteocytes- found in lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorger in which there is excessive loss of bone mass and mineral content |
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Term
| name 5 factors that affect bone growth and development |
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Definition
1) nutrition-minerals
2)nutrition-vitamins
3)hormones
4) exercise
5) aging |
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Term
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Definition
| there must be adequate intake of calcium, phosphorus in the form of phosphate and other elements including boron and manganese |
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Term
| nutrition vitamins: vitamin D |
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Definition
| required for the proper reabsorption of calcium in the small intestine-calcium that is used as the matrix material for bone tissue. |
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Term
| when vitamin D is deficient |
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Definition
in children- rickets
in adults- osteomalacia |
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Term
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Definition
1)growth hormone
2)calcitonin- influences calcium metabolism
3) sex hormones
4) parathyroid hormone-increase the amount of calcium ions in the blood
5) thyroid hormones-stimulate bone resorption |
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Term
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Definition
| puts physical stress on the bones to which are attached skeletal muscles. Makes bones thicker and stronger |
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Term
|
Definition
| osteoporosis is particularly serious in women after menopause |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| based on structure joints are classified into three groups |
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Definition
1)fibrous
2)cartilaginous
3)SYNOVIAL |
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Term
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Definition
syndesmosis- distal end-tibia/fibula
suture-skull
gomphosis- teeth |
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Term
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Definition
synchondrosis- rib to sternum
symphysis- intervertebral disks, symphsis pubis |
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Term
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Definition
freest movement
1)ball and socket-leg shoulder
2)condyloid-wrist
3)gliding- c1,c2
4) hinge- elbow
5)pivot- clavicles
6)saddle- root of thumb
7)bicondylar- knee |
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|
Term
| describe the four structures that make up a synovial joint |
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Definition
1)articular cartilage- reduces friction
2)joint capsule- 2 parts outer layer of dense connective tissue that attaches itself to the periostem
3)synovial membrane-covers all areas of the joint capsule except for those covered by articular cartilage
4)synovial cavity-contains a clear thick fluid called synovial fluid to moisten and lubricate the surfaces of the joint |
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Term
|
Definition
skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
any head bones
sacrum coccyx
ribs |
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Term
| appendicular skeleton contains |
|
Definition
| clavicle, scapula, arm and leg bones,coxa |
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Term
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Definition
| one frontal, two temporal, two parietal, one occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid |
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Term
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Definition
| maxilla, mandible, zygomatic |
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Term
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Definition
| stapes, malleus, and incus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1) 7 cerical vertebrae (atlas & axis)
2) 12 thoracic vertebrae
3) 5 lumbar vertebrae
4) 5 sacral vertebrae fused to form sacrum
5) 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused to form the coccyx |
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Term
|
Definition
24 ribs and the sternum (breast bone)
1) true ribs (14)
2) false ribs (10)
3)sternum (breastbone), manubrium, body and xiphoid process |
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Term
|
Definition
pectoral girdle
1) clavicle
2)scapula |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)carpal bones (8) wrist
2)metacarpal bones (5) palm
3) phalages (14) fingers |
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Term
|
Definition
1)ilium:hipbone (hands on)
2)ischium seat (sit on)
3)pubis (try not to get kicked in) |
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Term
|
Definition
1)femur
2)tibia
3)fibula
4)patella |
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Term
|
Definition
tarsal bones (7) ankle
metatarsal bones (5) sole
phalanges (14) toes |
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Term
| be able to describe the following joints |
|
Definition
shoulder joint
elbow joint
hip joint
knee joint
101-105 |
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Term
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Definition
HEART
have cross striations
uni-nuclated
have an intercalated disc
involuntary |
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| doesn't have- cross striations, sacromeres, troponin or tropomyosin |
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| fasic, aponeurosis, tendon, fascicle, epimysium,perimysium, and endomysium |
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| be able to identify slides of each type of muscle |
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| histology atlas or google |
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| describe the function of connective tissue in skeletal muscle |
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| the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called |
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| the sacrolemman is invaginated at many points to form structrues called |
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| transverse tubules or T-tubules |
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| the sarcoplasm contains many |
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| the endoplasmic reticulum is called |
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| myofibrils composed of thick filaments of myosin molecules and thin filaments of actin molecules. |
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| the thin filaments are associated with two other proteins called |
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| the arrangement of these large protein molecules and the myofibrils in which they occur is so regular that it gives the skeletal muscle fiber a cross-striated appearance. |
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| these cross-striations have various designations. they include the Z-line, the A-band and the I-band. The Z-line represents a point at which the ends of the thin filaments are attached. that part of a myofibril between two Z-lines is called a sarcomere |
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| find some paper! page 108 ish |
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| draw a diagram showing how the thin and thick filaments are organized in the sarcomere |
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| list the five steps involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber |
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Definition
1)excitation of motor neuron
2)release of Actlycolene into neuromuscular junction
3)depolarization of sarcolemma
4)release of Ca+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
5)contraction of sarcomere |
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| explain how muscles work together to create smooth coordinated movement |
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Definition
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| describe the neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
the synapse is called a neuromuscular junction. only one neuromuscular junction is found per muscle fiber
at the neuromuscular junction the plasma membrane of the receiving muscle fiber is modified to form the motor end plate pg 121 |
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| Name the neurotransmitter used in the neuromuscular junction |
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| Describe the function of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction |
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Definition
all muscles need calcium
after a wave of depolarization spreads over the sarcolemma and penetrates into the interior of the muscle fibers, calcium ions are released. these calcium ions bind to troponin which causes a shape change in the molecules of tropomyosin. |
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| understand the physiology of muscle contraction |
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Definition
1)resting condition, the myosin is primed and ready for action
2)attachment of myosin head to actin
3)power stroke (rower pulling oar)
4) detachment and reorientation (rower raises oar and brings it forward again)
5)preparation and priming for next attachment step |
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| the about of stimulation a muscle fiber has to have to contract |
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| applies to single muscle fibers. A stimulus is either sufficient to cause a maximum contraction or it is subrthreshold and there is no contraction at all |
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| a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it is connected with |
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| properties of a motor unit |
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Definition
| they allow us to grade the force and speed of whole muscle contraction. it takes many neurons to controlthe contraction of a particular muscle |
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| explain motor recruitment |
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Definition
| increasing the number of motor neurons and therefore motor units activated at any one time can increase the force of contraction of the muscle |
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| explain what is meant by muscle tone and how it relates to posture and maintaining balance |
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Definition
| -muscle tone- some fibers in such a muscle are contracted while others are relaxed-if you faint,... |
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| define tetanic contraction and distinguish it from a twitch |
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Definition
-tetanic contraction- most of the contractions made by our muscles during voluntary activity, because the motor neurons controlling them typically send out rapid bursts of action potentials when activated
-twitch- the response of a whole muscle to a single stimulus |
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| Name the two types of cell found in nervous tissue |
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Definition
1) neurons-nerve cells
2) neuroglial/glial cells |
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| name one type of glial cell |
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Definition
oligodnendrocytes-produce a phospholipid myelin sheath
microglia- brains macrophages |
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varied in shape and size. consites of a cell body with processes radiating from it called dendrites and axons. Dendrites have numerous dendritic spines projection from their surfaces and conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body
can be bipolar, unipolar, multipolar |
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| neurons that are involved in conveying sensory info to the central nervous system |
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| neurons that convey info from one neuron to another neuron |
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Definition
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| name the two sensory receptors that convey to the brain information on the length and tension developed by a skeletal muscle |
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Definition
Golgi tendon organs- located in the tendons provide data on the tension being developed by the muscle
muscle spindles- located within the body of the muscle provide data on the changing length of muscle during contraction or when it is stretched |
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| explain the ways in which muscles interact to produce smooth, coordinated movements |
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Definition
| -when the prime mover contracts, it often acts in concert with other "helper" muscles that... |
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| advantages and disadvantages of the lever system |
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Definition
advantages: large movents of limbs can be made with far less shortening of the muscles
disadvantages: because the muscles must exert many times more effort (inforce) to overcome the resistance (outforce) created at the end of the limb |
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the fulcrum is in between the in-force and the out-force. This is a common arrangement for the muscles that produce extension of body parts
ex) extension of the forearm by the triceps, lifting the head |
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no good examples
FOI
fulcrum, outforce, in-force |
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fulcrum, in-force, out-force
arranged so that the inforce is between the outforce and the fulcrum. Very common in the body. Produces flexion of body parts
ex) flexion of the forearm by biceps brachii |
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| be able to draw biceps brachii as a lever |
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Definition
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Definition
| layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber |
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| layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle |
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| connective tissue located between adjacent muscles |
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| a small bundle of muscle fibers |
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| layer of connective tissue that separates a muscle into small bundles called fascicles |
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| cell membrane of a muscle fiber |
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