Term
| Evolution and three characteristics |
|
Definition
Change through time
1. Species accumulate differences
2. Descendants differ from their ancestors
3. New Species arrive from these differences |
|
|
Term
| 5 Agents for Evolutionary Change |
|
Definition
1. Mutations
2. Gene Flow
3. Natural Selection
4. Random Mating
5. Genetic Drift |
|
|
Term
| Natural Selection and 3 characteristics |
|
Definition
Mechanism of Evolution
1. Variation must exist in a population
2. Variation must result in difference in offspring
3. Variation must be genetically inherited |
|
|
Term
| Fitness and 3 characteristics |
|
Definition
Ability to survive and produce offspring
1. Survival - length of life
2. Ability to mate
3. # of Offspring |
|
|
Term
| Frequency dependent Selection (2) |
|
Definition
Positive: Characteristics like the species is more favorable
Negative: Characteristics unlike the species is favorable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Favors one phenotype at one time and another at another time.
ex. wet conditions favor small bills but dry conditions favor large bills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Favors two extremes and eliminates intermediate types
ex. Medium sized beaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acts to eliminate one extreme
ex. Moths who fly towards the light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acts to eliminate both extremes
ex. human birth weight |
|
|
Term
| Immigration and Emmigration |
|
Definition
im: Gene flow into the population
em: gene flow out of the population |
|
|
Term
| Assortative vs. Disassortative |
|
Definition
Assortative: Mate with phenotypes like you
- increases homozygotes
Disassortative: Mate with phenotypes not like you
- increases heterozygotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When species leave an area for a new one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a natural disaster wipes out most of a population leaving only a few genes to mate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limits evolution: One gene has multiple effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measuring the half life of Isotopes to determine decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dating depending on the fossil's place in the soil. The farther down in the soil the older it is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Different appearance and function of a structure that came from the same ancestoral body structer
ex. human hand and bat wing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. homologous structures
2. developmental process
3. neck vertebrate
4. eye position
5. vestigal structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No apparent function but resemble structures their ancestors had.
ex. appendix or pelvic bone in whales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Independent development of similar structures in organisms
ex. marsupials and placental evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of one species turning into another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes occur in a given area without any geographical barriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Geographic barrier causes speciation |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| Members of a species can mate and reproduce fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
| Morphological species concept |
|
Definition
| Phenotypic characteristics define a species - wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ecological
2. geographic
3. mechanical
4. temporal
5. gamete fusion
6. behavioral
7. hybrid inviability or infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incomplete isolation is reinforced by natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two species hybrindinize
cannot reproduce unless the chromosome count doubles (tetrapods) and then can reproduce with other tetrapods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Numerous species form from 1
happens when there are few species and plenty of resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evolution occurs in long periods of no changes then quick bursts of change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More genes increases fitness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reconstruction of evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Problems with systematics |
|
Definition
| Evolutionary reversal and convergent evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of making an evolutionary tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarites are inherited from close ancestors |
|
|
Term
| Ancestoral Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Similarity inherited from futher ancestors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species that share a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characteristic shared by clade members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shared Characteristic trait not inherited from a common ancestor
ex. tailess frogs and humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Choose the lease complicated way to make a cladogram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate of evolution is constant through time |
|
|
