Term
| How is the nervous system divided structually? |
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Definition
| Centeral Nercous System & Peripheral Nervous System |
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Term
| The subdivisions of the PNS are ___ , ___, & ____. |
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Definition
Somatic nervous system- controls skeletal muscle
Autonomic- SYMPATHETIC (responds to short tierm stress) PARASYMPATHETIC (returns body to normal function following stress)
Enteric- controls smooth muscle and glands of the digestive system |
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Term
| The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ___ division and the ___ division. |
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Definition
Sympathetic- responds to short term stress
Parasympathetic- returns body to normal functions following stress |
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Term
| List the 3 functions of the nervous system. Define these terms in your own words. |
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Definition
Sensory (Afferent)- INPUT senses changes in external and internal enviroment through sensory neurons/afferent neurons to CNS
Intergrative (Processing)- INTERPRETS changes (just in the CNS)
Motor (Efferent)- OUTPUT responds to changes in form of muscular contraction/gland secretion through motor neurons/ efferent neurons |
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Term
| What are the three main parts of a neuron? |
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Definition
| Excitability, respond to stimuli, and conducting action potential (nerve impulse). |
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Term
| What are ganglia? Where are they located? |
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Definition
| Cell body clusters in the PNS |
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Term
| What are nuclei? Where are they located? |
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Definition
| Cell body clusters in the brain |
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Term
| What are horns? Whereare they located? |
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Definition
| Cell body clusters in the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| (rough ER)- site of protein synthesis within a cell body |
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Term
| What are dendrites? What is the purpose of a dendrite? |
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Definition
| An extension the recieves information along with the cell body in motor neurons and interneurons or generate imput i sensory neurons (once extension becomes myelinated, it is then called an axon. |
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Term
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Definition
-conduct AP toward the axon terminal
-distal end of axons swell into synaptic end bulbs that contain neurtotransmitters in synaptic vesicles
-bundles of neuron axons in CNS= tracts (axons bundle with neuroglia)
-bundles of neuron axons in PNS= nerces (axons bundled with endoneurium/perineurium/perineurium)
-Frequently myelinated in CNS and PNS |
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Term
| What is the terminal portion of an axon called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the terminal of an axon? |
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Definition
Neurofibrils- bundles in intermediate filament that provide shape and support
Microtubules- move materials betweem cell body and axon |
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Term
| In the CNS a bunch of neurons would be called? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the PNS what would they be called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Structurally what are the 3 classifications of neurons? How is the classification determined? |
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Definition
Unipolar-one process from cell body bipolar- 2 extensions (1 dendrite & 1 axon) from cell body
multipolar- mainy extensions from cell body |
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Term
| Draw a quick diagrammatic represntation of each classification. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a location for each classification. |
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Definition
UNIPOLAR- ganglion outside the CNS
BIPOLAR- spinal ganglia
MULTIPOLAR- brain |
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Term
| List the 3 functional classifications of neurons. |
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Definition
Sensory (afferent) neuron-strictly PNS- transmit impulses toward CNS from receptors
Motor (Efferent)- transmit impules away from CNS to muscles/ glands
Interneurons (association) neuron- all are found totally within the CNS |
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Term
| What is the difference between each functional classification? |
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Definition
Sensory- toward the CNS
Motor- away from the CNS
Interneurons- within the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Clial cells- support, connect, and protect the neurons in both CNS and PNS |
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Term
| Name the neuroglia of the CNS and their main function. |
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Definition
Astrocytes- twine around neurons to form support, attach neurons to blood vessels, create blood-brain barrier, and produce scar tissue in to CNS (if needed)
Microglia- become phagocytic and remove injured brain or cord tissue
Epindymal- ciliated to assist in circulation of CSF
Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin sheath in CNS
*CAMEO- Cns, Astrocyte, Microglia
Ependymal, Oligodendrocyte |
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Term
| Name the neuroglia of the PNS and their main function. |
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Definition
Schwann cells- support axons and produce myelin sheath
Satellite cells- support cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a multilayered lipid and rotein covering axons in the PNS and CNS. It electically insulates the axon and increases speed of nerve impulse conduction. Produced around an axon by the following 2 neuroglia cells |
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Term
| What 2 neuroglia cells produce the myeline sheath? What is the difference between each cell type structurally and location? |
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Definition
Oligodendrocytes- CNS
Schwann cells- PNS |
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Term
| What is the name of the Schwann cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the space created by the gaps ion the myeline sheath? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the difference between white matter and gray matter. |
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Definition
White matter- myelinated axons
Gray matter- nonmyelinated axons |
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Term
| Explain excitability and action potentials. |
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Definition
Excitability- ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential
Action potential- electrical signal that runs along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber for a long distance communication. |
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Term
| List the 4 ion channels found in neurons? Describe the differnece between each. |
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Definition
Leakage channels- (randomly open) cell membranes of muscle/neurons have more K+ leakage channels than Na+
Gated- open and close in response to chemicals like neurotransmitters & hormones
Mechanically- open and close in response to vibration or pressure such as sound waves or pressure of touch/stretch
voltage- open and close in response voltage |
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Term
| What are neurons with just one process extending from the cell body? They are always sensory neurons. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are small phagocytic neuroglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What helps maintain an appropriate chemical enviroment for generation of action potentials by neurons? It is part of the blood brain system. |
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Definition
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Term
| What provide myeline sheath for CNS axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia? |
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Definition
| The brain and/or spinal cord? |
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Term
| What is a cluster of cell bodies within the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms CSF and assist in circulation? It forms blood-cerebrospinal barrier. |
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Definition
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Term
| What neuron has several dendrites and one axon? Most common neuronal type. |
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Definition
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Term
| What neuron has one main dendrite and one axon? Found in the retina of the eye. |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides myeline sheath for PNS axons. |
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Definition
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Term
| What supports neurons in PNS ganglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is composed primarily of meylinated axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are bundles of axons and associated connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an extensive nerutonal networks that help regulate the digestive system? |
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Definition
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