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| compounds that stimulate the synthesis of a proteins. Ex: lactose |
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| they specify the primary structure of a protein molecule. These genes can be transcribed into mRNA |
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| a cluster of genes with a single promoter. They are units of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes. have at least two control units: the promoter and the operator |
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| the operon that encodes the three lactose metabolizing enzymes in E.coli |
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| What are the two ways to regulate Metabolic pathways? |
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| 1) allosteric regulation 2) transcriptional regulation |
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| a short stretch of DNA that lies between the promoter and the structural genes |
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| a protein encoded by a regulatory gene that can bind to a specific operator and prevent transcription of the operon |
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| produces a protein whose whole function is the regulate expression |
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| the substrate of a metabolic pathway-inducer- interacts with a regulatory protein -repressor- rendering the repressor incapable of binding to the operator and thus allowing transcription |
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| the product of a metabolic pathway-corepressor- bands to a regulators protein, which is then able to bind to the operator and block transcription |
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| respreses other moclecules in E.coli. this cause the repressor to change shape and bind to the operator, inhibiting transcription |
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| positive control, increases transcription. A protein. Ex: cAMP and CRP |
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| when lactose is present and glucose is low the lac operon is activated by this proteins' binding to the lac operons promoter. not abundant when glucose is high. |
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| an activator of transcription because its binding results in more efficient binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter, and yields increased transcription of the structural genes. when glucose is abundant CRP does not bind to promoter and reduces efficiency of transcription in the lac operon |
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| in the presence of abundant glucose, the diminished synthesis of catabolic enzymes for other energy sources |
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| What are two important important sequences in transcription of eukaryotic promoters? |
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Definition
| 1) recognition sequence 2) TATA box |
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| aka the restriction site- a specific DNA base sequence that is recognized and acted on by a restriction endoneuclus. is recognized by RNA polymerase |
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| an eight base pair sequence found about 25 bases before the starting point for transcription in many eukaryotic promoters, that binds a transcription factor and thus helps initiate transcription |
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| regulatory proteins (activators & repressors) that assemble on the chromosome. it helps RNA polymerase II bind so it can begin transcription. TFIID binds to the TATA box. Several other proteins are also needed befor RNA poly II binds. |
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| (binding domains) a three dimensional structural element that is part of a larger molecule. For example there are four common motifs in DNA binding protiens: helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, leucine zipper, and helix-loop-helix. |
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Definition
prokaryotes- arrange genes in an operon that is controlled by a single promoter
eukaryotes- have their own separate promoters they coordinate is the share regulatory factors that bind to the transcription factors.
- used to respond to stress |
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| a process for generating differnt mature mRNA's from a single gene by splicing together different sets of exons during RNA processing (eukaryotes- after transcription) |
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| a small non-coding RNA molecule, typically about 21 base pairs long, that binds to mRNA to inhibit its translation and breakdown target mRNA |
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| The three ways that the translation of mRNA can be regulated: |
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Definition
1) miRNA inhibition
2) modification of the GCap on the 5' end of the mRNA (modified=translation)
3) repressor proteins directly block translation |
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