Term
| List the main levels of the sytem in order, starting with domain. |
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Definition
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, order, family, genus, species
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Term
Who devised the traditional hierarchical classification system?
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Definition
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What is the most important criterion that defines a species, using the so-called “biological species concept” |
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Definition
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Term
| Systematics is the science of classifying organisms based on their on their "phylogeny"- what does this mean? |
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Definition
| it refers to their evolutionary origins of a group |
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Term
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What do the following terms refer to: “cladistics?, cladogram?, clade?” |
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Definition
An approach to classifying things,
Clade is a branch and cladogram is the whole thing |
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Term
| computer programs that produce cladograms commonly rely on what to create trees showing lines of descent? |
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Definition
| Sequence in Dna and Rna and morphological data (body form) |
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Term
| in cladograms, which pair is most closely related, a crocidile and a turtle or a croc and duck? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a cladogram, the trees branch or dichotomize at the point of a what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a prion?where are they normally found in the body? Do you , personally, have prions? |
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Definition
| Prions are good protein, there found in the nervous system, and all humans have them... can be a good protein gone bad, can kill you |
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Term
| How do prion diseases originate? list 4 mechanisms |
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Definition
1.Very simple genetic mutation inherited
2.Sporatic prion disease-where mutation not inherited
3.Food chain method
4.Pr connect Cu turn into Pr connect Mn |
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Term
| What does "spongeiform encephalopathy" mean literally. |
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Definition
Spongeform refers to holes in the brain
cephal- brain
pathy-disease |
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Term
| list examples of the main prion diseases in humans, cows,sheep,deer, and mink? |
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Definition
Humans-kuru, CJD
Cows-Mad cow, BSE spongeform
Sheep- Scrappy
Goats- scrappy
deer-CWD
Mink-transmissible mink esecephalopothy |
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Term
| Can prions cross "spieces boundaries"in transmission? |
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Definition
| Yes, you can catch mad cow disease |
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Term
| Is there and way to deactivate prions? What common houseold chemical is very effective? |
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Definition
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Term
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Can prions remain active in the soil for long periods?
For which two prion diseases does this seem to be especially important. (prions that are picked up indirectly from environmental sources) |
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Definition
| Yes and cronic wasting disease and scrapies |
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Term
| What is the incubation period of CJD? Average age of onset? |
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Definition
| Mostly arises late in life,incubation period for decades. The age is around 68 years |
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Term
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Perhaps 60-70% of CJD cases are known as “sporadic,” indicating that the persons are not known to be carrying an inherited mutation for the prion protein. What is the most likely way that sporadic CJD occurs? (hint: think of most forms of cancer) |
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Definition
| Sulmatic mutation / during mytosis |
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Term
| How is CJD related to kuru? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does CJDnv and CJDv refer to? |
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Definition
CJDvn- new varient
CJDv- varient (humans) |
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Term
| Do any prion diseases occur in michigan? How about Wesconsin? |
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Definition
| Yes CJD, Scrappies, Cronic wasting disease |
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Term
| How do bad prions "multiply" inside the human body? |
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Definition
| They dont self replicate, they just need to come in contact with a good prion and chemicaly react ...then ya got 2 |
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Term
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According to recent theories, low levels of _______(a metal) coupled with high environmental exposure to _________ (another metal) may cause normal prions to malfunction and cause disease by itself or may promote disease progression in cases originating genetically or thru the/food chain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Viroid is a rog piece of Rna or naked piece of RNA |
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Term
| How does a viroid differ from a virus? |
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Definition
A virus has a protien coat around it viroid doesnt,
virus has 12 genes viroid has 0
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Term
| What are most common host for viroids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is most likely vector for viroids in transmission between plants? |
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Definition
| Plant munching by insects and herbavors |
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Term
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Definition
| Hepititis D is a liver disease and most deadly formed |
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Term
| What is every virus composed of? |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid, Dna or RNA(could be etheir but not both), protien coat around outside(capsid) |
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Term
| What is a capsid? what is the most common shape of the capsid in viruses? |
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Definition
| Capsid is a protein coat around a virus. The shape is mulitfacid shape equal size facits. |
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Term
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SOME viruses have an outer envelope beyond their capsid—what is this envelope made of and how does a virus obtain this envelope? |
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Definition
| Has a membrane, not a viral origin basically floats outta the cell |
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Term
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If the vruses are enveloped, do they have anything on their surface that an immune system recognize or are they invisible? |
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Definition
| Yes there is some recognition(like a lock and key) body knows its there, not invisible |
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Term
| What are surface proteins and glycoproteins in virus used for? |
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Definition
| To attach to cell there the keys and lock |
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Term
| Do viruses have genes? or do they only use host genes to code for viral protiens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are viruses alive? Give pro and con arguments? |
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Definition
Yes and no
Considered nonliving- no chemical reaction, no respiration also you can crystalize one and tenyears later defrost it and it will be alive.They can be made by you
yes part is bc they can evolve and adapt |
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Term
| what are some of the unusual aspects of the mimivirus? |
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Definition
| 10 times the size of any other virus, 1000 of them , and they have both dna and rna |
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Term
| does mimivirus support the idea that viruses may have originated as stripped down parasitic bacterium? |
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Definition
| no stolen bunch of genes from its host |
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Term
| how do viruses gain entry into cells? are they usually host/cell specific? |
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Definition
| yes they are specific to what they infect because they need specific protein that maybe only on gene has. |
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Term
| Give an example of a lytic, persistent, and latent/lysogenic infection. |
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Definition
lytic-quick and dirty(burst the cells and causes alot of damage)
Persistent- leaves peacfully dont necessarly kill the cells
Lysogenic-have a lysing stage =herpes type 1 |
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Term
| Where does Herpes I(cold and canker sores)hang out when it is latent? |
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Definition
| by the temple( trigeminal ganglia) when triggered goes to mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria eatters class of nasty virus |
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Term
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Definition
| Rna virus that once gets inside a cell reverse from RNA to DNA |
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Term
| What is reverse transcription? |
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Definition
| RNA being reverse transcribed to DNA |
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Term
| How does a typical dsDNA virus replicate and use host cell machinery to make its protiens? |
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Definition
| Plug in to cellular pathways get inside a genome/ right where the action is. |
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Term
| How does a ssRNA virus(non retrovirus) replicate and use host cell machinery to make its protein? |
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Definition
| it can act just like messanger RNA |
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Term
| How do dagerous new strains of influenza A, like H3N2, typically arise? |
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Definition
| Through recombinance (hybridation) |
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Term
| Is the deadly H5N1 avian flu EAsy for humans to catch from birds? if human does become infected how likley is it that they will then transmit to anouther person?why is it still considered a threat. |
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Definition
| Really hard to catch from birds. if caugt even harder to spread to someone else. but if you have it you have a 80% chance of death. |
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Term
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What farm animal is very susceptible to human and bird flu’s? Its susceptibility makes it a great “melting pot” for recombinanation and subsequent reinfection of humans or birds with dangerous new viruses. |
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Definition
| pigs are natoureous for flu's get it from anything and will give it back |
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Term
| why are novel viruses formed via rcombination so dangerous to humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is significance of H and N proteins in flu? |
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Definition
H protien is the virus uses to get into cells/binaring protein
N unlocks the door to get outt the host |
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Term
| Explain the significance of the following: H3N8+H2N2= H3N2 |
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Definition
| representing an event in 1960 H3N8= duck ,H2N2=human them together created h3n2 and biggest virus to kill people |
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Term
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When WHO describes a vaccine as: Type A H3N2 (Wyoming 2005) and Type A H1N1 (New Caledonia 2006) and Type B (Shanghai2006)—how would interpret each element of the vaccine |
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Definition
Means it has a diferent structure, name ex. wyoming= where it will pop up
2005= year it created |
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Term
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Every year the vaccine has types A H1N1 and H3N2.. Why do these specific subtype of flu hold special interest (hint: history) |
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Definition
1917 spanish flu 50 mill people killed in 2yrs
H3N2 killer ever since it appeared |
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Term
| Which virus causes most colds? what is the second leading cause? |
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Definition
| Rhinosorus and 2nd corona virus |
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Term
| How and when (seasonally) do rhinoviruses usually get transmitted? |
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Definition
sept-oct, april march and early may
by hand to nose/mouth |
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Term
| At what temperature do Rhinoviruses replicate best? |
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Definition
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Term
| where did HIV I and HIV II originate? |
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Definition
Hiv= chimps in west africa
HIV II= monkeys |
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Term
| what is the most likly proute in which they were transferred to humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cells in the human body are targeted by HIV? |
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Definition
| White blood cells, helper t's, micro gleo cells in the brain sutty mangobes |
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Term
which cells are infected first?
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Definition
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Term
| what does macrophage mean literally? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are dendritic cells commonly found and what are they doing there? |
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Definition
| The vaginal lining/ places where there is alot of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Any sorta foriegn substance ivolving immune response |
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Term
| Dendritic cells are antigens presenting cells- what does this mean? |
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Definition
| Foreign substance that bfings helper T's specifically |
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Term
| What is GP 120? CD4? CCr5? |
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Definition
GP 120 attaches to CD4 recepter
CCR5 coreceptor on the surface |
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Term
| Why cant HIV infect Helper T cells during the early stages of HIV infection? |
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Definition
| Because there missing CCR5 |
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Term
| Why are helper T cells considered to be the master cells of the immune system? Are helper T cells specific or generalists in terms of immune response? |
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Definition
| Specific, precisly matched antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that is basically a flag for infected cells can also bind antigens |
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Term
| What are M tropic and t-tropic strains of HIV? Why is the transition from m-tropic to t-tropic strains bad? |
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Definition
| Initally HIV is started in dendritic and macrophages |
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Term
| Give some examples of some common, often harmless, organisms that can become deadly when the T cell count falls belo 200? |
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Definition
| Yeast infections"lung bugs" |
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Term
| Are most forms of cancer caused by viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms of cancer are associated with retroviruses? Hep B? Papillomavirus? |
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Definition
| Mammal cancers; Hep b- linier cancers, pap- cervical |
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Term
| What is shopes papilloma? why was discovering this virus and its transmission, important medically speaking? |
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Definition
| Technical term for jackalopes, first case of cancer being caused by transmission/virus to be proven |
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