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Definition
a fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary
examples:
apple- ovary is embedded in the receptacle, and the fleshy part of this simple fruit is derived mainly from the enlarged receptacle; only the apple core develops from the ovary
strawberry- aggregate fruit consisting of enlarged receptacle embedded with tiny one-seeded fruits |
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Definition
develops from many carpels of the many flowers that form an inflorescence (group of flowers clustered tightly together)
ex: pineapples, figs |
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develops from many separate carpels of one flower; these "fruitlets" are clustered together on a single receptacle
ex: raspberry, blackberry, strawberry |
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develops from a single carpel (or several fused carpels) of one flower
ex: pea, lemon, peanut |
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a mature ovary of a flower
protects dormant seeds
aids in seed dispersal |
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Definition
type of cell within phloem
connected to sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata
its nucleus and ribosomes serve sieve-tube- enable it to stay alive while relatively empty |
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Definition
living cell in phloem
conducts sugars and nutrients in phloem of angiosperms (gymnosperms??)
connected end to end- form sieve tubes |
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Definition
multicellular diploid form that results from union of gametes
produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes |
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Definition
a modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for reproduction
first evolved in ferns/vascular plants |
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Definition
| multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop |
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| a diploid cell, also known as a spore mother cell, that undergoes meiosis and generates haploid spores |
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Definition
a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis
a spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid gametophyte |
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Definition
part of the female gametophyte where egg develops
first appeared in bryophytes
not found in angiosperms as female gamete is reduced to only 7 cells |
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Definition
| in male gametophyte where (motile) sperm are produced |
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Definition
embryonic cell tissue located in the tips of roots and buds of shoots
site of cell division that causes elongation of plant
cells produced by apical meristems differentiate into the outer epidermis, various internal tissues, and leaves |
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Definition
nonvascular
dominant gametophyte
sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
sporophyte is however photosynthetic when young but still depends on gametophyte- absorb sugars, amino acids, minerals, and water through gametophyte
motile sperm
first to develop archegonium and antheridium
earliest land plants
some are bisexual, but usually cross-fertilize
some can also produce asexually |
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Definition
first vascular plants
dominant sporophyte
gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic but short-lived and tiny
bisexual gametophytes (but usually cross-fertilize) |
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Term
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Definition
in bryophytes, rhizoids anchor the gametophyte to the ground
long, tubular single cells or filaments of cells
not composed of tissues (unlike roots)
lack specialized conducting cells
do not play primary role in water and mineral absorption |
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Definition
specialized pores found in all vascular plants
support photosynthesis by allowing CO2 exchange
main avenues by which water evaporates from sporophyte
also present in mosses and hornworts but not liverworts |
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Definition
can inhabit extreme environments because they can survive the loss of most of their body water, then rehydrate when water is available
mosses help retain nitrogen in soil
"peat moss"- many uses |
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Definition
long, tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from roots
present in nearly all vascular plants
dead when functional
cell walls contain lignin |
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Definition
hard material embedded in cellulose matrix of cell walls
allow plants to grow tall
first found in vascular plants
provide structural support
found in cell walls of tracheids, among others |
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Definition
cluster of sporophylls
known commonly as a cone
found in gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants |
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Term
| significance of seedless vascular plants |
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Definition
evolution of seedless vascular plants increased rate of photosynthesis
greatly reduced levels of CO2
lead to global cooling and glacial formation
the decaying remnants of the first forests eventually became coal |
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Definition
| consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat |
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Definition
a tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule
in angiosperms, seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm |
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| advantages of reduced gametophytes |
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Definition
tiny gametophytes can develop from spores retained within the sporangia of parent sporophyte (gametophytes are inside ovulate cone, pollen cone, ovules, anthers)
this protects female (egg-containing) gametophytes from environmental stresses
enables dependent gametophyte to obtain nutrients from sporophyte |
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Term
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Definition
layer of sporophyte tissue that envelops and protects megasporangium
contributes to the structure of the ovule in seed plants
eventually develops into seed coat |
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Definition
megasporangium surrounded by protective tissues
megasporagium, megaspsore, and their integument
inside ovule female gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs |
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Definition
developed from a microspore
consists of male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall
eliminates need for motile sperm
can be carried by wind, animals, etc
also sperm carried directly to egg via pollen tubes |
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Term
| male gametophyte in angiosperms |
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Definition
contains 2 haploid cells
-a generative cell that divides, forming 2 sperm
-a tube cell |
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Term
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Definition
one cotyledon
parallel veins
scattered vascular bundles
fibrous root system (no main root)
pollen grain has one opening
floral organs in multiples of 3
ex: orchids, palms, grasses |
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Term
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Definition
2 cotyledons
netlike veins
vascular bundles in ring
taproot
pollen grain with 3 openings
floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
ex: poppy, oak, rose, pea, zucchini |
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Term
| ploidy of gymnosperm ovule |
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Definition
integument (2N)
megaspore (N)- meiosis of megasporocyte within megasporangium produces 4 haploid megaspores (one survives and becomes female gametophyte)
megagametophyte tissue (after fertilization- nutrients for embryo) (N)
megasporangium (2N) |
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Term
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Definition
adventitious roots in corn develop from stem of plant- support tall, top-heavy plants
storage roots- beet |
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Term
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Definition
rhizomes- horizontal shoot growing just beneath surface, vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds on rhizome
bulbs (onion)- short stem with enlarged bases of leaves that store food
stolon- runners/horizontal shoots- asexual
tubers (potato)- enlarged ends of rhizomes/stolons, store food, "eyes" are clusters of axillary buds that mark the nodes |
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Term
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Definition
tendrils (peas)- allow plant to climb
spines (cactus)
storage leaves (succulents)
bracts- mistaken for petals, attract pollinators
celery- petiole of plant |
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Definition
epidermis
cuticle (leaves, most stems- prevents water loss)
also root hairs, trichomes (hairs on shoot epidermis) |
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Definition
xylem and phloem
collectively called stele/vascular bundle
pericycle is outer most layer of vascular tissue |
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Definition
pith- internal to vascular tissue
endodermis
cortex- external to vascular tissue
(pith and cortex in eudicots only- monocots have scattered vascular bundles, no inner/outer section |
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Term
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Definition
ground tissue of leaf specialized for photosynthesis
palisade mesophyll- upper part, main site of photosynthesis
spongy mesophyll- lower part, gas exchange occurs |
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Definition
leaves' vascular bundles
enclosed by bundle sheath (part of ground tissue/like endodermis) |
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Definition
| sheath that protects young shoot of monocots |
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Definition
| cork and associated layers |
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Definition
| pores that bring air into tree |
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Definition
the first cell type evolved from which all other plant cells were derived
1. Alive when functional
2. Thin walls
3. Stimulated to divide=repairing wounds
4. Functions:
a. Photosynthesis
b. Starch storage |
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Term
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Definition
alive (bundles or strands)
1. Variously thickened walls; functions in support |
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Term
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Definition
1. Embedded in cell wall as a hard compound
2. Two groups:
a. Fibers
b. Scleroids
3. Cell wall:
a. Lignin= functions in support protection
b. Linum= lignin deposition is delayed→”soft fibers”
c. Scleroids=protection
i. Short, round=pointed cells
ii. Very thick walls
iii. Pears
iv. Used to retard insects to eating particular fruits |
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Term
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Definition
| form a barrier at which the apoplastic flow is forced to pass through the selectively permeable plasma membrane into the cytoplasm (thus the symplast) rather than continue along the cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
i. Protects the root meristem as the root advances through soil
ii. Secretes a lubricant
iii. Site of perception of gravity
1. Activities in cap allow a root to orient to gravity
a. Amyyloplasts
i. Membrane-bound starch grains |
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Term
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Definition
the free diffusional space outside the plasma membrane. It is interrupted by the Casparian strip in roots, air spaces between plant cells and the cuticula of the plant
1. Involving intercellular spaces and cell walls doesn’t involve cross a membrane
2. Suberin= water impervious
a. Casparian strip
3. Protoplast directly prevents movement between membrane because it lies directly on casparian strip |
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Term
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Definition
irect cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm flow of water and other nutrients along concentration gradients. In particular, it is used in the root systems to bring in nutrients from soil. It moves these solutes from epidermis cells through the cortex into the endodermis and eventually the pericycle, where it can be moved into the xylem for long distance transport. It is contrasted with the apoplastic flow, which uses cell wall transport.
1. Once ion enters the pathway, it has access to the entire plant |
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Term
| why palm tree increases in width without VC |
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Definition
i. Increases the size of already existing cells
ii. Leaf base remains attached to stem
1. Makes stem thicker
iii. Produce roots in stem= roots add width to plant |
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Term
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Definition
i. Lost need for water= lack of flagellated gametes
ii. Lost antheridia
iii. Retention of archegonia
iv. Wind pollination
v. No free-living gametophyte
1. In fern, gametophyte was free living |
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| ploidy level of seed coat |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a. symbiotic association between alga and funi
b. Photosynthetic organisms make more complex compounds
c. secretes acids- regenerates soil
d. large amount of pollution- few lichen
e. fungi provides structure, absorbs nutrients
f. alga- photosynthesis, makes complex compounds |
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Definition
| pores/channels in symplastic pathway that enable direct, regulated, symplastic intercellular transport of substances between cells |
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Definition
| formation of primarily parenchyma cells allow the radial transmission of sap |
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