Term
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Definition
single membrane bound organelles with acidic interior
animal cell digestive centres |
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Term
| Two ways of delivering materials to lysosomes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)Plasma membrane detects food particle/cell, engulfs it
2) Membrane-bound food particle, phagosome, is delivered to lysosome
3) Lysosome digests it
4) small molecules from digested foods (e.g. sugars) are released into cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
1) Damaged organelle is surrounded by a membrane (of unknown origin)
2) Membrane bound organelle is delivered to a lysosome, which takes it in and digests it
3) Small molecules from the digested organelle are recycled into the cytosol |
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Definition
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
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Term
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
1) macromolecule outside cell binds to membrane proteins that act as receptors
2) Plasma membrane folds in and pinches off to form vesicle called an early endosome
3) Early endosome activates protein pumps that lower its pH (H+ ions enter)
4) Early endosome matures into late endosome that recieves digestive enzymes from vesicles coming from
Golgi apparatus
5) Late endosome matures into a functional lysosome |
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Definition
| single membrane bound organelle, the site of oxidative reactions, containing catalase to convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen |
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Definition
| Fungi and Plants occuptying a large portion, serving as STORAGE DEPOTS for water, ions and protein, pigemtns, novious substances [plants] |
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Definition
| double membrane bound organelle which is the sites of ATP production, containing mitochondrial DNA able to product their own ribosomes, and therefore capable of dividing independent of cell division |
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Definition
| double membrane bound organelle with inner membrane of thlakoids organized in grana, site of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| stiff to protect cell, don't burst in hypotonic environments like RBC |
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Definition
| double membrane bound organelle, containing the nucleolus which is the site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. |
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Definition
| small and large subunits involved with protein synthesis |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| network of membrane-bound tubules and sac studded with ribosomes, where transmembrane proteins are made, and enzymes are present inside lumen |
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Definition
| consists of cisternae where cis recieves products from rER and trans sends products off |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks ribosomes, but enzymes present in both Rer and Ser, involved in LIPID SYNTHESIS, detoxification of materials, and has CALCIUM ION RESERVES important for calcium phosphate balance for bone formation |
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Term
| Importing Proteins into Nucleus |
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Definition
1) Nuclear Localization Signal on protein binds to Importin
2) Protein-Importin complex enter nucelus and binds to ran GTP
3) Protein dissociates
4) importin and Ran GTP complex moves from nuclear matrix to cytoplasm
5) GTP hydrolyzed to GDP. importin dissociates |
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Term
| Where NLS is located for nucleoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Steps involved in testing which region was the one which contained the NLS? |
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Definition
1) Cut off tail region and core region using protease
2) attach radioactive label to each component
3)Insert protein fragments into the cytoplasm of cell
Results: Tails were the one which were able to make it into the cells and therefore the NLS are lcoated on the tails for nucleoplasms |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for chromosome assembly |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to fluidity when temperature is low? |
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Definition
| cholesterol prevents the close packing of phospholipids, enhancing membrane fluidity and preventing solidification. |
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Term
| What happens to the fluidity of the membrane at moderate temperatures? |
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Definition
| Cholesterol restrains phospholipid movement and reduces the fluidity of the membrane. |
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Term
| True or False: Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails solidify less readily than saturated hydrocarbon tails when exposed to low temperatures |
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Definition
| True. Think of Unsat fats like oil; is it easier to freeze oil or is it easier to freeze lard? |
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Term
| Name the two processes associated with the movement of phospholipids, stating which is more rare. |
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Definition
| Lateral movement (more common) and Flip flop (rare) |
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Term
| What happens if there a lot of C=C (short unsaturated hydrocarbon/phospholipid) |
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Definition
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| True or False:many unsaturated fatty acids = high permeability |
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Definition
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Term
| What would you use if you needed to analyse the surface of a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tool would you use if you needed to analyse cell movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 advantages a Light microscope has over an electron microscope |
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Definition
| 1) larger field of view, 2) specimens can be living, 3) cheaper |
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Term
| True or False: Light microscopes are used to determine cell surface and location |
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Definition
| FALSE: Cell shape and location |
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Term
| Pap Smear are tests which a women takes to see if she has cervical cancer. Which tool would the practitioner use to determine whether she has cervical cancer? |
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Definition
| Light microscope: analysing for abnormal cell shape |
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Term
| Testis cells have many ---- |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatic cell involed with digestion |
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Definition
| Rough ER and golgi apparatus important |
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Term
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Definition
| Technique showing how proteins are transported from rER,to the golgi apparatus. The pulse are labelled proteins with radioactive substance and chase is unlabelled. Reveals that proteins move to golgi apparatus using secretory cesicles and eventuall secreted outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of three elements: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments. Purpose is to maintain cell shape by providing structural support |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of actin filaments, responsible for maintaining cell shape, cell motility (amoeboid movement), cell division (formation of cleavage furror during cytokinesis) cytoplasmic streaming and organelle movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Most intermediate filaments made of keratin, fibrous proteins to form thick cables. Maintain cell shape, anchors nucelus and other organelles, participating in nuclear lamina formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of a-tubulin and b-tubulin monomers, forming a dimer. Involved in cell motility, movement of chromosomes during cell division, maintainenance of cell shape, organelle movement |
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Term
| List the steps with Microtubule tracks |
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Definition
1. Uses a motor protein (kinesin) which is able to convert chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy.
2. Is composed of a tail region and a head region. The Head region is made up of two globular protein, one of which binds to the microtubule and the other to ATP. The head region binds to the transport vesicle.
2. A conformational change occurs when the globular pieces bind and release ATP.
5. Two head regions switch between binding to the microtubule and binding to ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| A motor protein necessary for the movement of transport vesicles, able to convert ATP into mechanical energy. Has a tail and head region. |
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Term
| List the microtubules purposes we discussed using examples |
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Definition
1) Centrosomes are microtubule assembly, centrioles are composed of microtubuels
2) Transport Vesicles
3) Flagellum and Cillia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. ATP is hydrolyzed by dynein (motor protein)
2. conformational shape occurs
3. Walking proceeds as microtubules slide past each other within flagellum/cillia
4. The entire structure is fixed or anchored by the protein spokes to the two central microtubules, micrtoubule sliding is limited, restriction eventually results in bending of flagellum or cilia |
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Term
| How is Arthritis an Organelle-based disease? |
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Definition
involves leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the fluid joints
-leaked enzymes attack the joint cells and cause the inflammatory joint disease
-pain caused because they destroy the lubrication between jointed that are usually there
-anyone can get arthritis |
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Term
| Explain Cystic Fibrosis and how it relates to course material |
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Definition
cystic fibrosis is an accumulation of fluid (music) in the lungs
-CFTR Protein is a chloride ion channel
CF patients form an abnormal type of CFTR protein which results in chloride ions not being moved properly. Water stays within the cells causing the buildup of mucus in the lungs
-secondary infections are common as a result
-treatment: must take pills |
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Term
| Trans fats how does it relate to matierla we've studied? |
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Definition
Transfats are bad for you becuase they increase bad cholesterol (LDL) and decrease bad cholesterol (HDL)
Good fats from salmon, walnuts needed because much of your brain is composed of fats, absorption of vitamins
- causes build up of accumulation, not proper transport of oxygen (asterscolorisis)
-transfats also increase the presence of FREE RADICALS |
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Term
| Human Red BLood Cells placed in different solution |
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Definition
Hypotonic - lyse
Hypertonic - shrivel/crenate
isotonic - keeps its shape |
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Term
| Begonia plant Cells watered with different solutions |
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Definition
Hypotonic - Turgid/swell [BEST POSSIBLE SOLUTION]
Hypertonic - Plasmolyzed
Isotonic - Flaccid |
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Term
| What is the best possible solution to place a Plant cell in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best solution to place a RBC in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when a RBC is placed in a Hypertonic solution |
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Term
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Definition
| When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution |
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Term
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Definition
| When a plant cell is placed in an isotonic solution |
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Term
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Definition
| When a RBC is placed in a hypotonic solution |
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Term
| The use of Liposomal Nanomedicines in Cancer Research |
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Definition
| Liposomes are artificially constructed vesicles which can be used to transport chemotherapy drugs without degredation and allowing it accumulate at the target site |
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Term
| Contractile Vacuole of Paramecium |
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Definition
Paramecium is a living organisms within pond water
- sol'n outside is hypotonic
-contractile vacuole to prevent it from bursting, allowing it to BAIL OUT SOME WATER |
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Term
| What are some ways the some organisms prevent the cell from bursting in Hypotonic solutions? |
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Definition
Paramecium - contractile vacuole
Cell wall - supports the cell, remain turgid |
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Term
| Why is primary structure so important? Give a Real world example. |
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Definition
Change in sequence relates to how a protein behaves
-point mutation disrupts AA, replacing glutamic acid with valine
- changing one AA affects strcture
- sickle cell anemia sufferers are lethargic, fatigue because affects delivery of oxygen, hemoglobin molecules cannot move as easily through capillaries with sickle shape |
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Term
| What is the significance of optical isomers? Provide Real world example? |
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Definition
Thalidomide Tragedy- in the 50s, women who were pregnant were given thalidomide to cure the morning sickness symptoms. One isomer of thalidomide was effective against relieving the symptoms and had sedative qualities, but the other isomer caused birth defects and disrupted blood vessel development (truncated limbs)
Treatment of Parkinsons - L-dopa is effective, D-dopa is not effective |
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Term
| Give examples where protein structure affects function |
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Definition
primary structure - sickle cell anemia
prions - mad cow disease - infectious improperly folded proteins which can cause other proteins to become improperly folded as well. |
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Term
| Difference between plant and animal cells |
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Definition
| plants don't have centrioles, they have microtubule organizing centres |
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Term
| Name the bonds present in starch, and the bonds present which stabilize between strands |
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Definition
A-1,4-glycosidic linkage
None |
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Term
| Glycogen. Name the monomer and the bonds which stablizie within and between strands. |
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Definition
| A-1,4 glycosidic linkages (with 1,6-glycosidie linkages 1 in 10). Glucose monomers. No bonds between strands |
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Term
| Cellulose. Name the monomer subunit and the bonds which stabilize between strands. |
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Definition
| B-1,4-glycosidic linkage, with b-glucuose monomers. H bonds between OH |
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Term
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Definition
| B-1,4 glycosidic linkages, n-acetylglucoasamine. Stablizied by h bonding. Example: fungal cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| B-1,4-glycosidic linkage, N-acetlyglucasamine, stablizied by peptide bonds. |
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Term
| Give an example unsaturated fatty acid and saturated acid |
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Definition
| Palmitic and stearic acid (saturated acid) or oleic/linoleic (unsaturated) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Type of AA (non polar, polar, charged?) |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
type of AA (non polar, polar, charged?) |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Name the type of protein, the type of bond it is stabilized by, and give a real world example |
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Definition
| a-helix, stabilized by H-bonding occuring between the C=O and the NH of two peptide bonds within the peptide backbone. An example is keratin |
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Term
| Name the bonds and Carbons associated with nucleotides |
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Definition
C3 - OH attaches to P of next nucleotide
C5 - attaches to phosphate group |
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Term
| The 5' end of a DNA strand can be distinguished because it has a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Double Helix is held by ____ bonds |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides, phosphodiester linkages between phosphate and sugar, |
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Term
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Definition
0.34 (distance between bases)
2.0 nm (width of helix)
3.4 (length of one complete turn of helix- 10 rungs per turn) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of major and minor grooves? |
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Definition
| For growth and development to occur,DNA Replication to occur. You must have enzymes come in to break weak H-bonds for unravelling and for the complimentary base pair to replace it --> necessary for replication to occur |
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[image]
What model was this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Davson Danielli Sandwich Model |
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Definition
| phosoplipid layer sandwiched between two layers of globular proteins on either side, with a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region. |
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Term
| Describe the Singer and Nicolson Fluid Mosaic Model |
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Definition
Membrane proteins individually embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, a membrane consisting of a changing mosaic pattern of membran proteins bobbing in a fluid layer of phospholipids
- accounts for the amphipathic nature of proteins
- confirmed by freeze fracture electron microscopy |
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Term
| Describe Freeze Fracture Procedure |
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Definition
1. Strike Frozen cell with knife
2. fracture splits lipid bilayer
3. Prepare cell for electron scanning microscopy
4. Observe pits and mounds |
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Term
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins that connect to fibronectins in the ECM |
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Term
| sodium potassium pump. Describe. |
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Definition
1) 3 Na+ binds to the transport membrane protein (carrier).
2) Kinase uses ATP to phosphorylate the transport membrane protein.
3) This causes a change in the distribution of charge, producing a conformational change.
Na+ are released to the outside (extracellular fluid)
Leaves spots for 2 K+ to bind
Phospatase removes a phosphate group
K+ released by conformational change
Na+ sites open and receptive, continue cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| CFTR protein is a chloride ion channel. People with cystic fibrosis have an abnormal CFTR protein, causing water to go into cells, causing a build up of mucus |
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