Term
|
Definition
| "produced by adipose tissue (fat). Low leptin increases appetite, high leptin decreases appetite and increases muscle activity. Fat mice have low leptin." |
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Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions in the wall of the alimentary canal that pushes food along the tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| "4 chambered, closed, double circulation" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue" |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin wall of simple squamous |
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Term
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Definition
| "lymph capillaries, drains directly to circulatory system, composed similar to interstitial, transports fats to circulatory system, returns fluid and proteins lost in capillary to blood, filtering of lymph at lymph nodes" |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| "water, ions, plasma proteins, gases, hormones, nutrients" |
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Term
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Definition
| "secrete digestive juices: three pairs of salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "lack nuclei and mitochondria, red blood cells, hemoglobin, oxygen exchange in capillaries" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "white blood cells, fight infection" |
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Term
| four stages of food processing |
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Definition
| "ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination" |
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Term
| phagocytes white blood cells |
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Definition
| monocytes and neutrophils |
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Term
|
Definition
| "inhibits blood clotting, releases heparin and histamine" |
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Term
|
Definition
| ringlike valves that close off and regulate passage of material between chambers of the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| "mucin in saliva, amylase" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "exhibit chemotaxis, hunt and kill parasites" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "part of immune system (B cells, T cells)" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "blood clotting,pinched-off cytoplasm of larger cells in the bone marrow " |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stores bile which aids in fat digestion |
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Term
|
Definition
| "various enzymes to break down down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and NaHCO3" |
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Term
|
Definition
| all blood cells come from these |
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Term
|
Definition
| creates lymphocytes-B cells and T cells |
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Term
| what does the small intestine absorb? |
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Definition
| "nutrients, salt, water, bile salts, etc." |
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Term
|
Definition
| " stimulates bone marrow to red blood cells, negative feedback system, higher tissue oxygen negatively affects erythropoietin production" |
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Term
|
Definition
| guides bolus into esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| "platelets (connect to collagen fibers), initial seal reinforced by fibrin" |
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Term
|
Definition
| stomach cells which secrete HCl |
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Term
|
Definition
| stomach cells which secrete pepsinogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| inactive enzyme which is acid activated to pepsin |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme which breaks down protein and activates more pepsinogen. positive feedback |
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Term
|
Definition
| nutrient broth which flows from stomach into intestines |
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Term
|
Definition
| "platelets, damaged cells, plasma" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "clotting factors convert prothrombin into active thrombin, which then coverts fibrinogen to fibrin" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "cluster of air sacs in the bronchioles, epithelium serves as respiratory surface" |
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Term
|
Definition
| windpipe-branches into two bronchus |
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Term
|
Definition
| "selectively permeable membranes, retain proteins, hydrostatic pressure forces water and small moleculesinto excretory system;the filtrate goes into excretory tubule" |
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Term
|
Definition
| selective transport ofwater and good solutes back into capillaries |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of unwanted solutes (excess salts and toxins) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| single long tube and a glomerulus (ball of capillaries) |
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Term
|
Definition
| "surrounds glomerulus, filtration" |
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Term
|
Definition
| well developed loops of henle that go into renal medulla (inner region) |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduced loops of henle that stay in renal cortex (most are this type) |
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Term
|
Definition
| "secretion of h+ and ammonie, reabsorption of NaCl, water, nutrients etc" |
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Term
| descending limb of loop of henle |
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Definition
| "permeable to water, but not salt, increases NaCl concentration and osmolarity" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "impermeable to water, thin segment diffusesNaCL out, thick segment transfers salt to interstitial fluid by active transport, filtrate is becoming more dilute" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "reabsorption of bicarbonate, water and salts but secretes potassium and H+" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "permeable to water, as filtrate goes down the filtrate becomes more concentrated" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "responsiblefor the osmolarity gradientin the interstitial fluid, passage of filtration through this causes urine to concentrate and conserve water" |
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Term
|
Definition
| isoosmotic as interstitial fluid at highest concentration and hyperosmotic than blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| "enhance fluid retention by making kidneys take water, triggered when hypothalamus senses increase in osmolarity in blood" |
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Term
|
Definition
| responds to blood pressure changes by releasing renin into blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| initiates conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II |
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Term
|
Definition
| "increases blood pressure by causing arterioles to constrict, increases blood volume by telling nephrons to absorb more water and NaCl and simulates adrenal glands" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "released by adrenal glands, makes the distal tubules reabsorb Na+ and water (when this causes blood volume increase then feedback to JGA and stops production of renin" |
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Term
| 1st line of nonspecific defense |
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Definition
| "skin, mucous membrane, secretions of skin and mucous membranes, lysozyme" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "monocytes (develop into large macrophages) and neutrophils, inflammatory response" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "blood increase, basophils release histamine, prostaglandins help blood flow" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "specific defense, lymphocytes and antibodies" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "lack polarity, remain totipotent until arranged into trophoblast and inner cell mass of blastocysts, random distribution, cleavage plane random" |
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Term
| four main categories of tissue |
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Definition
| "epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "beneath the cells of the epithelial layer, plays a role in cellular metabolism, filtering waste, and providing routes of migration for cells during development" |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormone like signals produces by one group of cells that change pattern or differentiation of target group |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces the ventral side unless inhibited by nogging |
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Term
|
Definition
| "cytoskeleton regulates the changes in cell shape and position, wedging, inpocketing, evaginations, convergent extension" |
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Term
|
Definition
| outside surface of skin or lining of intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| surface more inside the body |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "development of organs, morphogenesis and cellular differentiation" |
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Term
| transepitheleal electrical resistance (TER) |
|
Definition
| "measures ""tightness"" of tight junctions between cells, how many ions can get through. Your mom has a low TER." |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of pluripotent stem cells |
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Definition
| "embryonic stem cells (inner cell mass), embryonic germ cells (isolated from precursor to gonads in aborted fetuses), embryonic carcinoma (from teratocarinomas), tumor is gonads of fetus " |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pseudostratified epithelium |
|
Definition
| single layer of cells but looks stratified because of varying lengths and shape of cells |
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|
Term
| simple squamous epithelia |
|
Definition
| "blood vessels, thin and and leaky allows for molecule exchange" |
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Term
| stratified squamous epithelia |
|
Definition
| skin - many layers that regenerate at basement membrane and sloughed off at free end |
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Term
|
Definition
| "after division, one cell is differentiates and one retains stem cell properties" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "specialized for secretion - mammary gland, kidney, and hormone glands" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "simple - intestines, pseudo-stratified columnar - line nasal passages, stratified - line inner surface of urinary bladder" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "binds and supports other tissues, contains a sparse population of cells scattered throughout an ECM" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "made of inner cell mass and trophoblast, formed 7 days after development, implants " |
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Term
|
Definition
| "one end of blastocyst, develops into epiblast and hypoblast" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm" |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bone cells that secrete an ECM into which crystals of calcium phosphate are later deposited |
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Term
|
Definition
| "rearrangement of blastula into gastrula, formation of embryo layers" |
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Term
| three fibers in connective tissue |
|
Definition
| "collagenous, elastic, reticular" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "collagen, nonelastic rope-like bundle of fibrils, does not easily tear" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "collagen, thin and branched, connected to collagenous fibers, forms a tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissue" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "elastin, long threads, provides a rubbery quality" |
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|
Term
| 6 major types of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| "loose connective tissue, adipose tissure, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "lighter region of cytoplasm in between animal and vegetal pole, containes cytoplasmic determinants, if you lack gray crescent will end up with ""belly piece""" |
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|
Term
| events following fertilization |
|
Definition
| "1) wave of calcium 2) opening of sodium ion channels 3) cortical reaction (fusion of cortical granules with plasma membrane) 4) increase in metabolism like protein synthesis, respiration and increases pH" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "binds epithelia to underlying tissue, packing material to hold organs in place, loose weave of fibers" |
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|
Term
| fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
| "ligaments and tendons, dense large number of collagenous fibers in parallel bundles" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "secrete estrogen and P for the first three months, prevent follicle development and help growth of mammary tissue" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "causes morning sickness, secreted by the placenta and acts of the corpus luteum to produce e and P, also secreted by the blastocyst" |
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Term
|
Definition
| chorionic somatomammotropin produced from placenta to help stimulate mammary gland growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| made from pituitary glands-targets the mammary gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| constructed of polysaccharides bound to proteins (proteoglycans) and fibrous structure and adhesive proteins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "rapid growth, fetal activity, hCG declines, corpus luteum deteriorates, placenta secretes steroids to maintain pregnancy" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "estrogen-induces oxytoxin to receptors on uterus for contractions, stimulate placenta to make prostaglandins which make more contractions and have positive feedback on posterior pituitary to make more oxytoxin " |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmits impulses from their tips towards the rest of the neuron |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transmits impulses toward another neuron or an effector such as a muscle |
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|
Term
| three types of muscular tissue |
|
Definition
| "smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle" |
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Term
|
Definition
| voluntary movements of body - striated |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms contractile wall of heart - striated |
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Term
|
Definition
| "site of fertilization, this is where cleavage begins" |
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|
Term
| 4 layers of stomach tissue (lumen to exterior) |
|
Definition
| "mucosa - secrete mucus and digestive juices, submucosa - connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves, muscalaris - smooth muscle, serosa - connective and epithelial tissue" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes enzymes at tip of sperm to break down zona pellucida |
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Term
|
Definition
| "-don't ovulate because gonadotropins are suppressed, progestin makes cerivial mucus thick and might interfere with implantation. basicalle maintain constant of levels of estrogen and progesterone and inhibits LH surge" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hypothalmus (TSH releasing hormone) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by LH and convert cholesterol to testosterone |
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Term
|
Definition
| convert testosterone to estrogen stimulated by the FSH |
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|
Term
| negative feedback on hypothalamus by corpus luteum |
|
Definition
| e and p stop the hypothalamus from producing GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anterior pituitary (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) |
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|
Term
| positive feedback by granulosa cells |
|
Definition
| "high levels of estrogen act on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, this can cause the LH surge to stimulate ovulation" |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of hormones (what they're made of) |
|
Definition
| "steroids (cholesterol), protein hormones or peptides, amines (amino acid derivatives), prostaglandins (derived from fatty acids)" |
|
|
Term
| selectivity of the hormone response |
|
Definition
| "presence of receptor in target cells, affinity of hormone binding to receptor, specificity of receptor interactions with intracellular components" |
|
|
Term
| there are ____ to ____ receptor molecules in a target cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulus from neighborign cell |
|
|
Term
| primary oocyte surround by |
|
Definition
| "zona pellucida (protects oocyte), granulosa (inner) then thecal cells (outer)" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary oocyte with surrounding granulosa cells leaves follicle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulus from endocrine system transported through circulatory system |
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|
Term
| at puberty how many primary oocytes left |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "convert choleterol to testosterone, stimulated by LH" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "turns testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, stimulated by FSH " |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "enzymes, prostaglandins, bicarbonate" |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by hypothalamus in stress response for Ap |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| released from ap to adrenal cortex |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| "mineralocorticoid, steroid made from adrenal cortex, (retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys, increased blood volume and blood pressure)" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "stimulated by nerves from hypothalmus when stresses, produces epinephrine and norepinephrine" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "glucocorticoid, steroid made from adrenal cortex (breaks down fats and such to increase blood glucose, may suppress immune system)" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary gland, produces long-term stress response corticoids" |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "produced at duoenume wall, helps tell pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "at duodenum wall, releases bile from gall bladder and tell pancreas to release enzymes too" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| " lumen of small intestine, bile and lipase" |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central nervous system and bone marrow |
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|
