Definition
| differences between protostomes and deuterostomes... |
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Term
The general structure of an animal, the arrangement
of its organ systems, and the integrated
functioning of its parts... |
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Definition
- Body symmetry
- Structure of the body cavity
- Body segmentation (if present)
- External appendages |
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Term
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Definition
- a body
shape with many equal
parts radiating outward |
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Term
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Definition
- a body
shape with a central
longitudinal plane that
divides the body into two
equal but opposite halves |
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Term
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Definition
– an evolutionary trend toward the
concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs
on the anterior end of the body |
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Term
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Definition
- animal that lacks an internal, fluid
filled body cavity (e.g., flatworms) |
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Term
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Definition
– animal that has an internal fluid
filled body cavity that is partially lined with
mesoderm tissue (e.g., roundworms) |
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Term
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Definition
– animal that has an internal fluid filled
body cavity that is completely lined with
mesoderm tissue (e.g., earthworms, mammals) |
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Term
| Body cavities can act as... |
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Definition
hydrostatic skeletons and
can facilitate movement
- controlled by longitudinal and circular muscles |
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Term
| Body segmentation increases... |
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Definition
control over movement
and facilitates specialization of different body
regions |
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Term
| Appendages have many functions... |
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Definition
- Locomotion
- Feeding appendages
- Antennae
- Reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| – animals that stay in one place |
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Term
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Definition
| – animals that can move around |
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Term
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Definition
– capture small organisms delivered to
them by the environment |
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Term
| Herbivores gain energy by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Predators gain energy by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| – Animals that live in, or on other animals |
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Term
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Definition
– live inside their hosts
(e.g., tapeworms, roundworms, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
– live outside their hosts
(e.g., ticks, leeches, etc.) |
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Term
| Detritivores obtain their energy by... |
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Definition
by feeding on
decomposing organic matter (detritus) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
– newborns closely resemble
adult organisms |
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Term
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Definition
- radical changes between larval and adult
forms (e.g., butterflies) |
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Term
| Sessile animals typically disperse as... |
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Definition
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Term
| Motile animals may disperse... |
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Definition
juveniles, or upon
reaching sexual maturity |
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Term
| Parasites often rely on... |
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Definition
host species for dispersal
(some rely on multiple hosts) |
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Term
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Definition
Sponges
Placozoans
Eumetazoans |
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Term
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Definition
the simplest animals
-No distinct tissue layers
-No distinct organs
Have some specialized cells
- choanocytes (collar cells)
- resemble choanoflagellates
- spicules (structure)
- spongin (collagen protein) |
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Term
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Definition
They have no mouth, no
gut, and no nervous
system |
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Term
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Definition
Ctenophores – comb jellies
- Diploblastic
- Radial symmetry
- Use cilia for locomotion
- Use a sticky mucus secretion to capture prey |
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Term
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Definition
- Diploblastic
- have a gastrovascular cavity in lieu of a gut
- Radial symmetry
- Polyp and medusa stage
- Capture prey using specialized cells called
cnidocyctes with nematocysts |
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Term
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Definition
| - Sea anemones and corals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Blastopore develops into the anus, and the mouth
forms later in embryonic development
-Exhibit radial symmetry (e.g., sea stars), or bilateral
symmetry (e.g., mammals)
-All are triploblastic coelomates
-All experience radial cleavage
-All contain an internal skeleton |
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Term
| Three major clades of deuterostome animals: |
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Definition
- Echinoderms
- Hemichordates
- Chordates |
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Term
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Definition
-Have a bilaterally symmetrical larval form, but
exhibit radial symmetry as adults
- pentaradial symmetry
Have no head region
- oral side – side containing
the mouth
- aboral side – side containing
the anus |
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Term
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Definition
| - feather stars, sea lilies |
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Term
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Definition
| - sea urchins, sand dollars |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Acorn worms and pterobranchs have a worm-like
body organized in three parts: proboscis, collar,
and trunk
-Live in burrows
-Pharyngeal gill slits
-Muscular pharynx |
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Term
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Definition
All chordates exhibit the following four characters
during some stage of their development
- Pharyngeal gill slits
- Post-anal tail
- Notochord
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord |
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Term
| 3 Main Groups of Chordates: |
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Definition
-Cephalochordates
-Urochordates
-Vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
Lancelets
Occur in marine and brackish sediments
Filter feeders
Sessile (but swim occasionally)
e.g., Amphioxus |
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Term
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Definition
Ascidians - Tunicates (sea squirts)
Occur in marine environments
Sessile adults are filter feeders
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Term
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Definition
A vertebral column replaces the notochord in early
development
Evolved in a marine environment
Now are marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and even
aerial |
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Term
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Definition
Jawless fishes – have circular mouths with rasping
tongues |
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Term
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Definition
Vertebrates that have jaws
The evolution of jaws improved feeding efficiency
Jaws and teeth make it easier to capture, subdue,
and swallow prey
Acanthodians and placoderms are the earliest jawed
fishes, but are now extinct |
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Term
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Definition
Sharks, skates, rays, ratfishes, and chimeras
Cartilaginous skeleton
Sharks maintain buoyancy by storing oils in their liver
Streamlined bodies with paired fins
Ampulla of Lorenzini – electrochemical receptors
concentrated around the head and along the sides of
the body
- lateral line |
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Term
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Definition
| – lay eggs that hatch externally |
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Term
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Definition
– fertilized eggs mature and hatch
in the oviduct |
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Term
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Definition
– young develop in the uterus and
receive nutrients through a placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| – have an ossified endoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
– a protective bony flap that covers and
protects the gills |
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Term
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Definition
– an air sac used to maintain
buoyancy |
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Term
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Definition
– row of tiny pits on either side of the
body that sense movement in the water |
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Term
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Definition
- ray finned fishes
~30,000 species
Originated in freshwater, then colonized marine
habitats
- some anadromous species
Exploit almost any imaginable food source |
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Term
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Definition
- lobe finned fishes
Coelacanth
- living fossil
Lungfish
- tetrapod ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
Gnathostomes that have limbs and feet
Modification of a pre-existing body plan
Limbs evolved from pectoral and pelvic fins
Pharyngeal gill slits evolved into ear bones
- ears adapted to detect airborne sounds |
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Term
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Definition
Class Amphibia
Frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
Closely tied to aquatic environments
- aquatic larval form (tadpole), even if adults live
in terrestrial habitats
Some secrete poisonous mucous
Many rely on their moist skin for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
Named for the major derived character of the
clade: the amniotic egg
- adaptation for terrestrial life
Most amniotes have less permeable skin to reduce
water loss, and an elevated stance for easier
locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcareous shell protects against desiccation |
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Term
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Definition
– disposal sac for metabolic wastes
produced by the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| – protects the embryo in a fluid filled cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| – membrane involved in gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
– contains a stockpile of nutrients to be
used by the developing embryo |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Reptiles include lizards, snakes, crocodilians, tuatara,
turtles, and birds (avian reptiles)
Scales create a waterproof barrier that helps prevent
dehydration
- also prevent breathing through skin so most
reptiles rely on lungs
Mostly ectothermic (except birds, which are
endothermic)
Adapted to life in many different environments |
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Term
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Definition
-turtles and tortoises
Skulls have no openings by the temples
All turtles and tortoises have a boxlike shell that is
fused to the vertebrae, ribs, and clavicle
- side necked
- vertical necked |
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Term
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Definition
Anapsids live in deserts, marine environments, or
ponds and rivers
Most are omnivores that eat a variety of aquatic
plants and animals |
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Term
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Definition
-have a pair of holes on each side of the
skull, behind the eye socket |
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Term
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Definition
| – tuatara, lizards, and snakes |
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Term
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Definition
| – crocodilians, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs |
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Term
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Definition
– living fossil found on islands off the coast of
New Zealand |
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Term
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Definition
– most diverse group of reptiles alive today
(except birds); most are small bodied , but some are
large carnivores (e.g., komodo dragon) |
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Term
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Definition
– legless carnivores, some have chemical
receptors or heat detecting organs to find prey |
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Term
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Definition
– the only living archosaurs
- alligators and crocodiles |
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Term
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Definition
– most were ectotherms, but some were
endotherms
- mass extinction 65 mya |
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Term
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Definition
– first tetrapods to fly, but their wings
were completely different from those of birds or
bats |
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Term
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Definition
Have many adaptations for flight
- Feathers
- Wings
- Reduced gonads
- Hollow bones
- Flow through lungs (one way) |
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Term
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Definition
Mammals underwent an adaptive radiation after the
mass extinction of the dinosaurs |
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Term
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Definition
– mammals and mammal-like reptiles;
have one hole behind the ear |
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Term
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Definition
| – produce milk for offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| – for protection and insulation |
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Term
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Definition
– completely separates
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood |
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