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| hox gene function experiments |
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loss of function mutation
gene expression location
gain of function mutation (tissue affected may have nothing to do with usual function plesiomorphy) |
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| requires energy input. moves solutes against their concentration gradient. |
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| energy of moving one molecule down concentration gradient is coupled with moving another up its concentration gradient |
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| in kidney, responsible for electrolyte and water concentration regulation in terrestrial organisms. |
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| where the pre urine starts its journey. water and molecules filter through, cells are too large |
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| the ramified branching filter in the renal corpuscle. |
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| tissue surrounding glomerulus |
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| step after filtering from the glomerulus. takes out glucose, salt and water (2/3 water and salt re absorbed) via active and passive transport |
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| cells lining this region have huge solute concentration, and therefore facilitate the osmotic uptake of water. this region is impermeable to solutes |
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| impermiable to water. solute transport is passive at first because of the uptake of water in the descending loop. active transport starts later |
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| antidiuretic hormone. secreted when dehydrated. activates aquaporins which actively take water out of the collecting duct. when ADH is not present, the collecting duct is impermeable to water |
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arabidopsis, ideal test subject because:
1 small genome
2 small size
3 six week generation time
4 simple flowering plant (test shit on that shit) |
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| female organ in plants. provides geminated pollen grain with the resources it needs to grow |
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| two sperm. first fertilizes one egg, becoming the diploid zygote. second sperm cell fertilizes two egg cells which rapidly divide to become endosperm tissue, vital to embryo growth. |
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nearly all organ growth is post embryo
no cell migration
cell division is precisely oriented, and growth after division is differential (cause of cell wall, restricting taxis). |
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out to in (1,2,3,4)
sepal, petal, stamen, carpel |
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1234,
a covers 1,2
b covers 2,3
c covers 3,4
a and c are mutually antagonistic, when one is gone, the other takes over. |
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| transcription factors that open dna conformation so it can be expressed. this is similar to the function of HOX genes. |
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| created by cell membrane pushing against cell wall (water is the impetus) |
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| spindle shaped xylem cells that have pits. conduct water. |
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| angiosperms have vessel elements that have perforations as well as pits. these are wider than tracheids |
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| capilary action, and solute concentration |
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| provide nutrients to sieve tube and plate cytoplasm |
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| carry sugars, no organelles |
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| leaves contain/produce sugars. active transport into companion cells. this is a co transporter of protons |
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| six chemical signaling types |
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Definition
autocrine (within cells)
pericrine (local cell signal)
endocrine (hormones, carried through vascular system)
neural (short Distance between neurons)
neuroendocrine (long distance between neurons and cells)
pheromones (environment, act on other individuals) |
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| triggers uptake and storage of glucose in response to high blood glucose levels |
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| opposite of insulin. lyses glycogen into glucose when blood glucose levels are low. |
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| released in response to low Na+ in blood, results in active transport of Na+ out of preurine in kidneys |
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| corticotropin-releasing hormone. released in hypothalamus. triggers/regulates the release of ACTH in pituitary gland |
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone. released in pituitary gland to stimulate release of glucorticoids in adrenal gland, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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ad-above renal- kidney
releases both cortisol and adrenaline in response to acth
part of the sympathetic nervous system
inhibits insulin (which take glucose out of blood), and stimulates glucagon (releases glucose into the bloodstream), drives lypolysis from adipose tissue
relaxes airways, constricts arterial flow |
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| virus inserts genetic material into host cell, dna is duplicated and translated and transcribed. proteins assemble with genetic material inside, and a viral army is created. |
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| viral genetic material is inserted into host genome. the viral meterial is replicated with mitosis and meiosis i guess. this phase is untreatable |
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| DNA polymerase that makes cDNA from RNA template |
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