Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Toothed Whales (active predators, e.g. killer whales, dolphins) Highly intelligent |
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Term
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Definition
| Baleen Whales (humpback, blue whale) |
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Term
| How do humpback prey on Herring? |
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Definition
| Form circles and use bubbles to isolate herring into shoals then consume large amounts |
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Term
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Definition
233 species
5 grasping fingers on all 4 limbs
flat nails (not claws)
primarily arboreal
eyes and binoculr vision |
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Term
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Definition
Earliest Hominid (1)
feet, legs, pelvis and hands suggest "ardi" was biped on ground but a quadraped in trees
she did not knuckle walk indicated by her fleible wrists and finger joints
DISTINCT from both modern humans and modern chimps |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis "Lucy" |
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Definition
Smaller than modern humans
-relatively small brain
- routinely walked upright, indicated by structure of her KNEE and PELVIS
- Footprint and fossil ecidence proves this
(2) |
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Term
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Definition
African herbivores that resembled bipedal gorillas
(3) |
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Term
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Definition
Used crude tools specially sharpened for cutting meat/bones
(4) |
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Term
| Homo Erectus "peking man" |
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Definition
sophistacted tool use
FIRST use of fire (approx 1.5 mya)
Migration out of Africa to Asia
(5) |
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Term
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Definition
Evolved in Africa and established populations in Eurasia
(6) |
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Term
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Definition
Present in Europe and Western Asia
(7) |
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Term
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Definition
Began in Africa, Now are worldwide (present day humans)
(8) |
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Term
| Multiregional Continuity Model (MRC) |
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Definition
| states that after Homo erectus left Africa and dispersed into other portions of the Old World, regional populations slowly evolved into modern humans (not well supported) |
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Term
| The Replacement Model (Recent Africa Origin) |
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Definition
Alternative to MRC model.
States populations of Homo erectus that moved to Europe and Asia died out without evolving into Homo sapiens.
All existing Homo sapiens are the result of the evolution of Home erectus in Africa, followed by the migration of these people out of Africa less than 100 kya |
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Term
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Definition
Transcription factor gene (turns genes on/off)
Known to underlie speech
We share 2 synapomorphic amino acid changes with neaderthals, not found in chimps
116 genes switched on in humans relative to chimps |
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Term
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Definition
| determine anterior and posterior axes and induce gap genes |
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Term
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Definition
| define several broad areas and induce pair rule genes[image][image][image][image] |
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Term
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Definition
| predict segment locations and induce either segment polarity or homeotic genes |
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Term
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Definition
| begin segmentation and define subregions within segments |
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Term
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Definition
| define the role of each segment. specify location/development of specific body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| sponges: very restricted cell repertoire, only have epidermis, no mouths, tiny pores that filter water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| porifera equivalent to protist choanoflagellete, beating flagellum used to create feeding current |
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Term
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Definition
| animals whose embryos have two developmentally distinct tissue layers: ectoderm and endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
Jellyfish, corals, sea fans.
Diploblastic, radially symmetric metazoa with ectoderm and endoderm seperated by jelly-like mesoglea |
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Term
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Definition
encompasses most animals
have bilateral symmetry and 3 developmentally distinct tissue layers (triploblastic) |
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Term
| what 3 processes seperates deuterosomes and protosomes |
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Definition
| cleavage, gastrulation (gut formation), and coelom formation |
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Term
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Definition
| internal fluid filled cavity found in most bilateria |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid series of mitotic divisions that occurs in the absence of growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protosomes: mitotic spindles orientation is layered, daughter cells fit in between sister cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Deuterostomes: mitotic spindles of dividing cells orient parallel/perpendicular to main axis of cells. directly stacked on eachother |
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Term
| Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes gastrulation |
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Definition
Protostomes = mouth then anus
Dueterostomes = anus then mouth |
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Term
| Protostomes vs Deuterostomes cavity formation |
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Definition
Protostome = block of solid mesoderm splits to form coelom.
Deuterostome = mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut forming coelom |
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Term
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Definition
Vertebrates could not harvest food by biting until jaws evolved.
Jaw evolved from anterior gill arches |
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Term
| 2 lineages in protostomes |
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Definition
ecdysozoa = molters
Lophotrochozoa = non-molters (named for larval type |
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Term
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Definition
Ecdysozoa
contains at least 75% of all animal species described to date
have a jointed, flexible, exoskeleton and exhibit great variation in segment modification (key for their evolution) |
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Term
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Definition
very common in fossil records
fleshy fins share homologous bones and muscles with tetrapods
species: 2 marine (Coelacanth)
3 freshwater (lung fishes) |
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Term
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Definition
Have lungs and gills
can survive in anoxic water and survive the drying out of lakes, rivers and ponds by burrowing in the mud and breathing air. |
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Term
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Definition
e.g. mollusks, cephalopods (octopus)
non-molting protosomes |
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Term
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Definition
type of amphibian that evolved (tetrapod)
was probably only semi-terrestrial at best |
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Term
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Definition
Late Devonian
Tetrapod
Likely fully terrestrial as adult |
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Term
| two distinct DEUTEROSTOMES lineages |
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Definition
| Echinoderms and Chordates |
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Term
| the rationale we can use to identify the occurrence of selection |
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Definition
| variation—heritable—function—higher fitness—see whether selection occurs |
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Term
| tetrapoda: evolved responses to life out of water |
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Definition
strong vertebrae and limbs for locomotion.
protective skin to prevent water loss.
body plan freed from drag constraints.
loss of gills; Choanae & lungs for air breathing.
Acute smell, taste, vision & hearing
amphibians retained aquatic food habits for millions of years
amphibians still retain aquatic reproduction and larvae |
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Term
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Definition
small & limited to swampy environments.
large size evolved quickly.
Some Permian and Triassic Amphibians grew to large size, e.g. Eryops |
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Term
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Definition
| lineage of vertebrates that includes all tetrapods except the amphibians; they are named for their adaptation of the amniotic egg as a reproductive structure. |
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Term
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Definition
has a watertight, but respiratory gas permeable, shell or case enclosing a membrane-bound food supply, water supply, and waste repository.
Evolution of amniotic egg significant because it gave vertebrates ability to reproduce far from water. |
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Term
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Definition
an amniotic egg contains a membrane-bound supply of water in a protein-rich solution called albumen.
The embryo is enveloped in a protective inner membrane, or amnion |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous pouch that contains nutrients for the growing embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous pouch that holds waste materials in an amniotic egg |
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Term
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Definition
| provides a surface where gas exchange between the embryo and the surrounding air can take place in an amniotic egg. |
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Term
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Definition
egg laying mammals. Mono refers to single common opening of the reproductive system.
mammary glands in pouch but no nipples; milk extruded on hair and lapped up by junior.
3 species:
2 species of Echidna (spiny anteater)
1 species of Platypus (lower metabolic rate than other mammals) |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by the mother fly as she makes the egg, before fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
Abdominal pouch for young; yolk-sac placenta
260 species, mostly Australia & S. America
Opossum in N. America |
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Term
| Female Marsupial reproductive Tract |
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Definition
2 vaginas!!!
both open externally through one orifice but lead to different compartments within uterus.
short-duration yolk sac placenta in her womb which delivers nutrient to the embryo from the mother.
At birth, newborn must crawl to mothers pouch and attach to nipple. eww.
remains attached for weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
Placental Mammals
eutherain placenta develops not from yolk sac but from chorion. It is amuch larger and long-lasting structure.
offspring can be born to close to fully functional (horse) |
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Term
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Definition
most closely related to land plants.
all land plants belong to a single lineage. |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy, watertight sealant that gives plants ability to survive in dry environments. |
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Term
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Definition
makes gas exchange possible in plant cuticle.
Has a pore which opens and closes. |
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Term
| Key steps to plants becoming terrestrial |
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Definition
1. preventing water loss from cells
2. transporting water from tissues with access to water to tissues without access (light receptors) |
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Term
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Definition
specialized group of cells (xylem & phloem) that conduct water or dissolved nutrients from one part of plant body to another.
xylem & phloem run side by side from roots to leaves.
provide channels for transport of water (xylem) and nutrients (phloem). |
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Term
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Definition
liverworts, hornworts & mosses lack vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support.
restricted to damp environments. |
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Term
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Definition
structure that encloses and protects a developing embryo.
often attached to a structure that aids in dispersal by wind, water or animals.
have nutrient reserves.
allow diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| Homeotic gene complex. Occur in spatial order on chromosome reflecting their embryonic expression patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
plants whose seeds do not develop in an enclosed structure.
Examples: conifers, cycads, ginkgoes |
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Term
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Definition
flowering plants & most diverse land plants living today.
seeds develop inside a protective structure called carpel
(3 parts: ovary, style, & stigma) |
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Term
| Silurian-Devonian "Explosion" |
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Definition
| went from almost no land plants to highly complex ecosystems, in wetter environments, dominated by giant tree-like seedless vascular plants. |
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Term
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Definition
Freed plants from dependence on water for sexual reproduction.
Pollen grains have hard coats to protect sperm cells.
wind or animal dispersed. |
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Term
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Definition
Diversification associated with evolution of flowers & fruits, and both involve co-evolution with animals for enhanced reproductive success & dispersal.
animals provide 2nd hand motility. |
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Term
| conservation of HOX genes in fly and mice |
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Definition
| Hometoic genes that control the form of anterior and posterior body structures occur in same linear sequence on chromosomes in mice and drosophilia. KNOCK OUT a mouse gene and function can be restored by the fly homologue |
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Term
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Definition
multi-dimensional evolutionary interaction with animals.
camouflage (mimic stones) to avoid grazing herbivores.
switch phenotype to attract pollinators. |
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Term
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Definition
transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
insect pollination important adaptation because makes flowering plant sexual reproduction more efficient. |
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Term
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Definition
Carpel: stigma, style, ovary
stamen: anther, filament
petal
sepal
receptacle |
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Term
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Definition
mutual evolutionary influence between 2 species
extreme example of mutualism.
many plants depend on animals to spread their pollen. |
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Term
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Definition
see yellow, blue and UV.
bee-pollinated flowers mostly yellow & blue with UV nectar guides for bees. |
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Term
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Definition
diurnal & have good vision (can see red), but weak sense of smell.
Butterfly-pollinated flowers are brightly-colored but odorless, designed with a "landing platform" |
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Term
| latitudinal diversity gradient |
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Definition
| as latitude increases, diversity decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| nocturnal, have good sense of smell, hover feeders. flowers are white/pale so visible at night. strong scent. |
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Term
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Definition
233 species, mostly S.America, Africa, Asia & Madagascar
5 grasping fingers on all 4 limbs
flat nails (not claws)
primarily arboreal
forward-pointing eyes & binocular vision |
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Term
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Definition
important synapomophy used to identify humans
walking on 2 legs. |
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Term
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Definition
Great Apes & Humans
Gene tree based on mitochondria
Orangutans are the outgroup |
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Term
| Anagenesis vs. Cladogenesis |
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Definition
Anagenesis is false; common misconception
Cladogenesis is the actual evolution that occured. |
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Term
| End-pleistocene megafaunal extinctions |
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Definition
| 33 species of large North American mammals went extinct shortly after humans entered the continent and began hunting (hunting fossils support this) |
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Term
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Definition
| a biota EXPANDS its range into a new geographic domain (may be persistant or short-term) |
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Term
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Definition
| a preexisting biota is split by a new physical barrier |
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