Term
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Definition
| The process of translating genetic code into a specific order of amino acids to build a polypeptide. |
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Term
| How many amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the number of amino acids limit the number of proteins that can be made? |
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Definition
| No, they are similar to the alphabet in their ability to be arranged in seemingly endless combinations. |
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Term
| The two stages involved in the coding of proteins are: |
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Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Term
| Transcription mostly results in what kind of molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An RNA molecule that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes. |
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Term
| Where does transcription occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The "translation" of genetic information of mRNA into amino acids to form a polypeptide. |
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Term
| What results from translation? |
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Definition
| The forming of a protein or an enzyme. |
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Term
| What is the difference between polypeptides and proteins? |
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Definition
| Polypeptides make up DNA, they are unfolded, and non-functional. Proteins are comprised of at least one polypeptide, they are folded, and functional. |
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Term
| Where does translation happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme performs transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA strand that provides the pattern for transcription. |
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Term
| Are both DNA strands template strands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does DNA Polymerase II do first in transcription? |
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Definition
| It unwinds and copies the template strand into complimentary mRNA |
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Term
| How is the mRNA strand different from the template strand it was copied from? |
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Definition
| The nucleotides it adds are complimentary base pairs, with the exception that T's become U's, and it runs in the anti-parallel direction. |
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Term
| What nitrogenous base is replaced in transcription and what is it replaced with? |
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Definition
| DNA's Thymine is replaced with mRNA's Uracil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA sequence where RNA Polymerase II attaches and initiates transcription. |
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Term
| In what direction does RNA Polymerase II read the template strand? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what direction does RNA Polymerase II write mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can only one RNA Polymerase II function at a time. |
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Definition
| No, multiple RNA Polymerase II's can function at the same time on one gene. |
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Term
| How does RNA Polymerase II attach to the promoter in Prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| They attach correctly without any help. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of proteins that mediates the binding of RNA Polymerase II to the the template strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA sequence in the promoter that Transcription Factors "recognize" and bind to in the promoter region so that RNA Polymerase II may attach. |
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Term
| What results from Transcription? |
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Definition
| Pre-mRNA in Eukaryotes, RNA transcript in Prokaryotes. |
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Term
| True or false: Prokaryotic cells require RNA processing before the mRNA enters the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| False: Eukeryotic cells require RNA Processing, not Prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The modification of the ends of the pre-mRNA molecule by enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A modified guanine nucleotide with 2 more phosphates added to the 5' end of mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| 50-250 Adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA |
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Term
| What are the functions of RNA processing? |
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Definition
-To help safely export the mRNA from the nucleus.
- Protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes in cytoplasm.
- Help attach 5' to the ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The video-editing like cut-and-paste job of mRNA. |
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Term
| Why do segments of mRNA have to be removed? |
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Definition
| Because there are too many pairs of nucleotides in DNA than are required to make the amino acid sequence of a protein. |
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Term
| In what kind of cells does RNA splicing happen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Non-coding codons regions that are removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Codons of mRNA that are spliced together. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Untranslated regions of a gene that remain in mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| They help in ribosome binding. |
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Term
| What performs RNA splicing? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Molecular complexes that cut out introns and splice together exons. |
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Term
| What are Spliceosomes made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative method of RNA Splicing where different segments are treated as exons. |
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Term
| What is another term used to understand Alternative RNA Splicing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the use of introns in Alternative RNA splicing? |
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Definition
| So that the order of amino acids may be changed to create a variety of proteins from one gene. |
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Term
| ________ is transformed into ____________ during Translation. |
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Definition
| mRNA is transformed into polypeptides during Translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a folded, single stranded RNA molecule that transports specific amino acids to mRNA in the ribosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triplet of bases complimentary to mRNA on the tRNA that attaches to the codon |
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Term
| True or false: every tRNA molecule is like the others. |
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Definition
| False: tRNA molecule codes for a specific amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| How some tRNA molecules can bind to codons with different third bases and still code for the same amino acid. |
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Term
| True or false: There is an tRNA molecule specific to each codon's triplet base sequence. |
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Definition
| False: Wobble allows for one tRNA molecule to bind with a codon with a different third base and still create the same amino acid. |
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Term
| In regards to wobble, the third base in question in the codon is at the ___ end while the anticodon concerns the third base at the ___ end. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The AUG codon that initiates translation and codes for the amino acid methionine. |
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Term
| True or false: codons are read with gaps between them. |
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Definition
| False: codons are read continuously. |
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Term
| True or false: genetic coding is not nearly universal among all life on Earth |
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Definition
| False: Genetic coding is nearly universal among all life on Earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sites of polypeptide synthesis that function as enzymes. |
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Term
| The composition of ribosomes |
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Definition
| A large and small subunit, composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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Term
| Where are the subunits of ribosomes assembled? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the large ribosomal subunit attach? |
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Definition
| With energy from Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP). |
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Term
| To what end of the growing polypeptide are amino acids added? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The binding site in ribosomes that carries the polypeptide-bearing tRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The binding site in ribosomes that carries the tRNA with the new amino acid to be added. |
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Term
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Definition
| The binding site in ribosomes through which the tRNA without an amino acid exits the ribosome. |
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Term
| In what direction do you read codons? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple ribosomes can translate mRNA simultaneously |
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Term
| What are the two populations of ribosomes? |
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Definition
Free - those in the cytosol
Bound - those attached to the rough ER. |
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Term
| What causes the transition from a free ribosome to a bound ribosome? |
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Definition
| An amino acid sequence in the polypeptide that directs where the polypeptide will go. |
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Term
| Is the process of translation often sufficient to make a functional protein? |
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Definition
| No, it needs to be chemically modified. |
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Term
| Where are proteins chemically modified to become functional? |
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Definition
| The Rough ER and the Golgi apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent change is a DNA sequence. |
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Term
| In what direction does mRNA run through the ribosome? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation where only one base pair is altered. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced with another. |
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Term
| What are the types of substitution mutations? |
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Definition
| Silent, missense and nonsense. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substitution mutation in which there is no change in the amino acid sequence because the changed codon still codes for the same amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of substitution mutation in which the coded amino acid is changed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of substitution mutation in which the codon becomes a stop codon, creating a non-functional, prematurely terminated protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| The alteration of the reading frame in the genetic message of the nucleotide triplets in mRNA as a result of insertion or deletion. |
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Term
| When does a frameshift mutation occur? |
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Definition
| When the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted are not multiples of three. |
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Term
| Why are insertions and deletions so bad? |
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Definition
| They change everything "downstream" of the insertion or deletion and cause the protein to be nonfunctional. |
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Term
| How is tRNA held to mRNA? |
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Definition
| By hydrogen bond between the codon and anticodon base pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein shaped like tRNA that binds to the A site to break the polypeptide from the ribosome. |
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Term
| How does the Release Factor break the polypeptide from the ribosome? |
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Definition
| By adding a water molecule (hydrolyzing the bond). |
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Term
| What do proteins compose? |
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Definition
| Enzyemes, hormones, hemoglobin, antibodies, glycocalyx, muscles, hair, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. |
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