1. Integumentary System

2. Skeletal System

3. Muscular System

4. Nervous System

5. Endocrine System

6. Cardiovascular System

7. Lymphatic System

8. Respiratory System

9. Digestive System

10. Urinary System

11. Reproductive

1. Coronal- anterior/posterior

2. Transverse- section from waist

3. Midsagittal- right & let halves

1. anterior/posterior- front/back

2. superior/inferior- head/feet

3. medial/lateral- toward/away from midline

4. proximal/distal- close/far from point of attach.

-cranial 

-vertebral canal

-pleural (thoracic)

-pericardial (thoracic)

-abdominal

-pelvic

1. nucleus = DNA

2. membrane = gatekeeper/protector

3. mitosis = cell divides into 2

1. Epithelial- covers surfaces, sensory receptors, lines internal spaces= absorbtion, glandular=secretion

2. Connective- binding & support, energy storage, shock absorbtion, calcium storage, wound healing, O2 transport

3. Muscle- skeletal (striated-voluntary), smooth (visceral-involuntary), cardiac (heart)

4. Nervous- neuron=excitable, glial cells= non-excitable, supportive cells; 1 capability= transmission of impulse

FUNCTIONS

1) cover surfaces = protection

2)sensory receptors

3)lines internal spaces = absorbtion/filteration

4)glandular = secretion

CHARACTERISTICS

1) cellularity

2) polarity- free border

3) basment membrane

4) adherent 

5) avascular- does not bleed

6) innervated- it can hurt

7) regenerative

Know the location of each of the following kinds of epithelia:

• simple squamous

• cuboidal

• columnar

• pseudostratified

• transitional

Simple Squamous

•lines blood vessels, heart 

Simple Cuboidal

•kidneys

Simple Columnar

• intestines

• unicellular glands

• mucin+H20= mucus

Pseudostratified

• (on cilia) nasal passage & respiratory system

•every cell touches the basement membrane

Transitional

•urinary bladder

•transitions between thick & thin extendable cells

1) cells

2) protein fibers (collagenous, elastic, reticular)

3) ground substance (matrix)

    ex) jello w/ fruit; concrete w/ marbles

1) hyaline cartilage- most abundant

                          - fetal skeleton, joints, ala (wing) of                             the nose, larynx

                          - appears like water

                          - chondrocytes in cell nests

2) fibrocartilage- spinal disks, knee joints, pubic

                        symphysis

3)elastic cartilage- external ear, epiglottis

                         - can be moved, but goes back to                                  original state 

1) collagen- strong, stretch resilient

2) elastic- flexible, resilient

3) reticular- form an interwoven framework

D.R.- tendons, ligaments

D.I.- dermis of skin, multidirectional strength

1) skeletal- striated, voluntary

               - peripheral multi-nuclei

               - long fibers = cells

               - usually attached to bone

2) smooth- involuntary, visceral

              - central nuclei

              - NO striations

              - short spindle-shaped, non-branching cells

              - internal organs

3) cardiac- heart

              - central nuclei

              - prominent striations

              - branching fibers

              - interclated discs 

              - 1 capability = contraction (not push)

1) hair 

2) glands

3) nails

THICK (soles of feet & toes, palms & fingers, no hair                follicles)

1) stratum corneum

2) stratum lucidum

3) stratum granulosum

4) stratum spinosum

5) stratum basale

THIN (everywhere else, thin corneum, no lucid layer)

1) stratum corneum

2) stratum granulosum

3) stratum spinosum

4) stratum basale

1) Keratinocyte (80%)- major skin cell

                              - undergoes keratinization &                                           sloughing 

2) Melanocyte (15%)- gives skin its color

3) Dendritic Cell (4%)- immune activity

4) Tactile Cell (1%)- touch sensor

1) mitosis

2) migration

3) pigmentation

4) keratinaztion- proteins fills the cell & cell dies,                                   responsible for tough & waterproof

5) cytolysis

6) detachment

7) exfoliation (sloughing)

PAPILLARY LAYER

• attachment

• areolar CT

• vascularization (nourishment)

• sensation

RETICULAR LAYER

• dense irregular CT

• strength

• sensation

• hair erection

• secretion

• interlock with epidermal ridges

• supply nutrients to epidermis

• houses sensory receptors

1) melanin transferrred to melanosome(# released             determines skin color)

2) melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes 

Melanocyte- contains melanin, each person has the same                  # of melanocytes

tension lines; lines used to identify the predominant orientation of collagen fiber bundles

-surgically important because any procedure resulting in a cut at right angles to a cleavage line is usually pulled open due to the recoil from cut elastic fibers

parallel collagenous fibers

• resist stress during movement 

• faster healing

• more wrinkles- due to fiber changes

• less immune response

• fewer melanocytes

• dry epidermis

• thin epidermis

• less sweat

• thin dermis

• reduced elasticity

• reduced blood supply

• changes in fat & hair distribution

• fewer follicles

• reduced repair

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•provides support & protection

•site of hemopoesis

•calcium/phosphorus storage

•muscle attachment = movement

1) Fibrocartilage- between discs, public symphysis & knee                          joint

2) Hyaline Cartilage- trachea

                           - most abundant

3) Elastic Cartilage- epiglottis & ear

                          - least abundant

• proximal epiphysis

• metaphysis

• diaphysis (elongated, cyndrical shaft)

• distal epiphysis

•spongy bone

•compact bone

•medullary cavity

•endosteum (CT)

•periosteum (rough CT)

•articular cartilage (hyaline)

1) osteocyte- mature cell trapped in matrix w/in a                              lacunae

                  - maintains bone matrix

2) osteoblast- forms matrix and becomes osteocytes

3) osteo progenitor cell- stem cell that will become                                           osteoblasts

4) osteoclast- bone reabsorbtion (osteolysis) 

spongy bone- trabecular bone

                  - forms trabeculae (an open lattice of                               narrow plates of bone

                  - located internally, w/in epiphysis of long                       bone

compact bone- dense or cotrical bone 

                    - solid

                    - forms external wall of long bone

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osteon- basic functional & structural unit of mature                    compact bone 

         - run parallel to diaphysis of long bone

osteocytes- housed in the lacunae & found between                          adjacent concentric lamellae

               - proto plasmic extenson call canaliculi

lacuna- 

canaliculi- tiny, interconnecting channels w/in the bone                CT 

             - houses osteocyte cytoplasmic projections 

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(insert pic)

Intramembranous- bone that forms on a membrane

Endochondral- bone formation w/in a cartilagenous model

1) long bone- arm, forearm, palm, fingers, thigh, leg,                          foot, toes

2) short bone- carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (bones in                         foot), sesamoid bones

3) flat bone- roof of the skull, scapulae (shoulder                              bones), sternum & ribs

1) head- prominent round projection

2) neck- narrow region behind the head

3) trochlea- pulley-shaped articular surface

4) condyle- large smooth rounded articulating surface

5) epicondyle- - projection above condye

6) trochanter- large rough projection on femur

7) tubercle- small round projection

8) tuberosity- large rough projection

9) fossa- shallow depression

(insert pic- notes p. 5)

29 Bones 

8 Cranial Bones 

   • frontal

   • parietal (2)

   • occipital

   • temporal (2)

   • sphenoid

   • ethmoid

Facial Bones (14)

• nasal (2)

• maxilla (2)

• zygomatic (2)

• palatine (2) - makes up palate

• inferior conchae (2)

• lacrimal bones (2)

• vomer

• mandible

Associated Bones 

•6 ear ossicles

•1 hyoid bone

8 Cranial Bones 

   • frontal

   • parietal (2)

   • occipital

   • temporal (2)

   • sphenoid

   • ethmoid

Facial Bones (14)

• nasal (2)

• maxilla (2)

• zygomatic (2)

• palatine (2) - makes up palate

• inferior conchae (2)

• lacrimal bones (2)

• vomer

• mandible

1) coronal

2) squamous

3) sagittal

4) lambdoid

(insert pic- pg. 13 notes)

1) frontal 

2) maxillary

3) ethmoid 

4) sphenoid

(insert pic- pg 13 notes)

1) frontal

2) ethmoid 

3) lacrimal- shaped like a tear

4) palatine

5) maxilla

6) zygomatic

7) sphenoid

(insert pic- pg 18 notes)

1) cervical

2) thoracic

3)lumbar

4) sacral

Cervical

• Atlas (C1) & Axis (C2)

• transverse foramina

• bifid spinous process

• kidney-bean-shaped body

Thoracic

•  NO transverse foramen

• lack mobility 

• has costal facets/costal demifacets

• long, slender spinous process

• heart-shaped body

Lumbar

• thickest body 

• NO transverse foramina

• NO costal facets

•  hatchet-shaped spinous process

True Ribs (1-7)

• directly attach to sternum

False Ribs (8-12)

• 

Floting Ribs (11 & 12) 

Pectoral Girdles

• Clavicle (2)

• Scapula (2)

Upper Limbs

• Humerus (2)

• Radius (2)

• Ulna (2)

• Carpals (16)

• Metacarpals (10)

• Phalanges (28)

Pelvic Girdles

• Os coxae (2)

Lower Limbs 

• Femur (2) 

• Patella (2)

• Tibia (2)

• Fibula (2)

• Tarsals (14)

• Metatarsals (10)

• Phalanges

Pectoral Girdle 

• Clavicle (2)

• Scapula (2)

Pelvic Girdles 

• Os Coxae (2) 

FEMALE

Pelvis

•subpubic angle >100 degrees

•longer pubic bones

•preauricular sulcus (deep groove)

•shallow ilium

Skull

•NO temporal line ridges

•sharper orbit ridge

•NO supercilliary arch

MALE 

Pelvis

•subpubic angle <90 degrees

•NO preauricular sulcus

•deep ilium

Skull

•visible temporal line ridges

•slight superciliary arch

stability increases as mobility decreses 

(insert pic)

FIBROUS

•held by dense regular CT

•little-no movement

•no joint cavity

CARTLAGINOUS

•joined by hyaline cartilage

•very little-no movement

•may ossify

SYNOVIAL

•most common & most complex

•fluid-filled joint cavity

•separates the cartilage-coverd articulating surfaces

Synovial Fluid

•secreted by synovial membrane

•lubricates ("ice on ice")

•nourishes chondrocytes

•waste removal

•constantly recycled

•shock absorbtion

(insert pic)

Planar (gliding) Joint

•simplest & least movable

•only side-side movment

•ex) intercarpals/intertarsals

Hinge Joint

•movement in 1, single plane

•ex) elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints

Pivot Joint

•formation of ligamentous ring

•1 bone rotates on its longitudinal axis around another

•ex) alantoaxial joint (atlas+dens)- head rotation &            radioulnar joint (wrist)

-provides protection

-regulates body temperature

-site of cutaneous receptors

-Vitamin D synthesis

-prevents water loss

-provides support & protection

-site of hemopoesis

-calcium/phosphorus storage

-muscle attachment= movement

-movement

-protection of internal organs

-glycogen storage

-heat generation

-controls body movement

-responds to sensory stimuli

-general body regulation

-site of consciousness, intelligence & memory

-cell metabolism & growth

-overall body growth

-chemical levels in the body

-reproductive functions

Transports:

-nutrients

-wastes

-gasses

-hormones

-transports & filters lympth

-initiates immune response

-site of O2 and CO2 exchange

-helps regulate acid/base balance

-processes food

-absorbs nutrients

-expels waste products

-filters blood

-forms/expels urine

-regulates water & salt balance

-produces gametes

-produces hormones

-provides site for fertilization

-site for embryonic growth

-post-natal nourishment

Condyloid Joint

•movement in 2 axes

•convex/concave surfaces

•ex) MP joint (knuckes/toes)

Saddle Joint

•greater range of movement

•convex/concave saddle-shaped surfaces

•ex) carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Ball-and-Socket

•most freely movable joint

•round head fits into round cup/socket

•ex) hip (coxal), shoulder (glenohumeral)