Term
| General Characteristics of Protists |
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Definition
- Unicellular (some colonial)
- Mostly microscopic
- All shapes and symmetries
- No germ layers
- No organs or tissues, but organelles
- Free-living, mutualistic, parasitic, predaceous
- Move by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, gliding
Some simple endo and exoskeletons
All types of nutrition
Sexual & asexual
Freshwater, marine, terrestrial
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Term
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Definition
Descended from prokaryotic cells (bacteria)
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora
- Subphylum Mastigorophora
- Class Zoomastigophea: flagellates
- Class Phytomastigophorea: phytoflagellates
- Subphylum Sarcodina: amoebas
- Phylum Ciliophora: ciliates
- Phylum Apicomplexa: All parasites
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Term
| Characteristics and taxonomy of Flagellates |
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Definition
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Mastigophora
Class Zoomastigophorea
Examples: Giardia sp, Trypanosoma sp, Trichomonas vaginalis (STD protist)
Form: usually definite shape, has long flagella
Locomotion: Moves with 1 or more whiplike organelles (flagellae). Flagella made of microtubules with 9 fused pairs radiating around 2 central single microtubules.
Reproduction: Asexual
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Term
| How did early multicellular life develop? |
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Definition
Protists come together for protection and better feeding opportunities.
Early colonial protists: Proterospongia, codonosiga
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Term
| Characteristics and Taxonomy of Phytoflagellates |
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Definition
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Mastigophora
Class: Phytomastigophorea
Common Species: Euglena
Form: Like other flagellates, but usually green.
Movement: Flagella
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction via splitting (usually on longitudinal plane). Some colonial (like Volvox) alternate between sexual and asexual (see Fig 11.20)
Other: Often have chlorophyll
Feed via photosynthesis, skin absorption, or eating |
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Term
| Taxonomy and Characteristics of Amoebas |
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Definition
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Sarcodina
Common Species: Amoeba, Arcella, Euglypha
Form: gooey and unfixed; some have calcerous or silicate shells
Locomotion: Typically, pseudopods
Reproduction: binary fission
Other features: Has contractile vacuole (used to pump fluid from cell to outside the body. Used for respiration, excretion, and maintaining osmotic equilibrium) and food vacuole (stores, digests, and distributes food)
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Term
| Parts of the pseudopod. How does it move? |
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Definition
Endoplasmic stream is made up of 2 zones: shear zone and axial core. Cytoplasm in shear zone becomes more solid and rigid. The axial core pumps cytoplasm into the fountain zone. "Growth" of the pseudopod takes place at the hyaline cap.
Function:
Actin subunits in endoplasm bound to regulatory proteins to keep from assembling
Hydrostatic pressure carries subunits to hyaline cap
Actin subunits freed by lipids in cell membrane
Actin subunits form filaments with actin binding protein (ABP) and form gel ectoplasm
Ca++ ions activate actin severing proteins and allow myosin to pull
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Term
| Taxonomy and characteristics of Ciliophora |
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Definition
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Ciliophora
Common Species: Paramecium
Form: definite shape
Locomotion: uses many cilia
Reproduction: both asex and sex
Other: |
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Term
| Asexual Reproduction in Ciliates |
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Definition
Mitotic (see fig 11.27).
Steps:
1. Micronucleus in mitosis
2. Macronucleus begins elongation
3. Bud appears on cytostome
1. Micronucleus divides
2. Macronucleus divides into two pieces
3. New gullet forms
4. 2 new contractile vacuoles appear
Division of cell body is completed, resulting in 2 new daughters.
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Term
| Sexual Reproduction (Conjugation) in Ciliates |
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Definition
Each has a macronucleus, then a micronucleus used for sex.
Steps:
1. 2 Paramecium individuals come into contact on their oral surface.
2. The micronuclei divide by meiosis and create 4 haploid micronuclei
3. 3 of these degenerate, the remaining micronucleus divides once more to form "male" and "female" pronuclei.
4. Male pronuclei are exchanged between participants.
5. Male and female pronuclei fuse, and individuals separate. Old macronuclei are eventually absorbed and replaced by a new macronuclei.
6. One says it needs to work in the morning and swims off. |
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Term
| Taxonomy and characteristics of Apicomplexa |
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Definition
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Common Species: Toxoplasma gondii (infects cats, can spread to people)
Form: has complex set of organelles on top of cell (apical complex) used to gain entry into host cell.
Locomotion: varies
Reproduction: varies
Other: All intracellular parasites. |
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Term
| General features of the malaria lifecycle |
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Definition
1. Sexual stage
Sporozoites develop in oocyst, are released, and migrate to salivary glands
mosquito infects humans by injecting saliva.
Injected sporozoites migrate to liver.
2. Asexual stage
Sporozoites enter the liver, undergo schizogyny
In liver cells: merozoites released.
Merozoites enter red blood cells and undergo schizogyny.
Creates macrogametocyte (goes on to infect mosquitoes when they bite females)
Also creates microgametocyte
Also creates trophozoite, which bursts and releases more merozoites.
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Term
| General Cnidarian Characteristics |
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Definition
- entirely aquatic: Freschwater, brackish, or marine
- Radial or biradial symmetry along oral and aboral axis
- alternation of generations: polyps and medusae
- some with calcareous skeleton
- epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea jelly layers
- gastrovascular cavity simple to subdivides; no anus
- nematocysts
- asexual and sexual reproduction.
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Term
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Definition
Medusa is basically polyp top lopped off and turned over (see fig 13.2)
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Term
| Taxonomy and characteristics of Hydrozoa |
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Definition
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
Common species: Hydra, Obelia, Physalia
Hydras, Portuguese Man-o-war
Many hydra have mutualistic algae that photosynthesize
Portuguese man of war has fish that live in its tentacles. Fish get safety; lure prey into man of war's tentacles
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Term
| Taxonomy and Characteristics of Scyphozoa and Cubozoa |
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Definition
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidarian
Classes: Scyphozoa and Cubozoa
Common species: true jellyfish, Aurelia (Scyphozoans) and box jellyfish (Cubozoa)
Box jellyfish most dangerous. |
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Term
| Taxonomy and Characteristics of Anthozoa |
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Definition
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidarian
Class: Anthozoa
Common species: anemones and corals
Unlike other Cnidarians, no medusa stage.
Very well developed polyps.
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Term
| What is a gastrovascular cavity? |
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Definition
| In Cnidarians, area that functions both for digestion and distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body. |
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Term
| Why are corals restricted to shallow water? |
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Definition
| Coral has zooxanthellae (mutualistic photosynthesizing bacteria). They create a reaction that precipitates CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), which is used to build coral structure. The bacteria requires sunlight. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Fringing reefs: close to shore (Moorea)
2. Barrier Reef: further out (australia)
3. Atoll: ring with lagoon (Bimini, Bermuda)
Coral reefs can only form where water is warm and clean. Only form on eastern edges of continents.
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Term
| Ctenophore Characteristics |
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Definition
"comb jellies"
Biradial symmetry
- Radially arranged comb plates of cilia
- Ecto, endo and scattered mesoderm= triploblastic
Adhesive colloblasts- sticky!
Aboral sense organ= statocyst
No polymorphism or alternation of generations
Hermaphroditic
Often bioluminescent
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