Term
| How and where are most fossils formed? |
|
Definition
| Most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks formed from sand and mud that settel to the bottom of seas and lakes. The fossils are then compressed into different layers of rock called strata. |
|
|
Term
| Who developed theory of gradualism? What is the basis of this theory? |
|
Definition
| James Hutton a scorrtish geologist developed this theory. Profound changes in the enviorment are a slow and continious process.(such as water dripping on a rock) |
|
|
Term
| Who developed theory of uniformitarianism? What does it say? |
|
Definition
| Charles Lyell theory of uniformitarianism said that geological processes have not changed throughout earths history.(the forces that build and erode mountains and the rate at which these forces operate are the same today as in the past. |
|
|
Term
| what is artificial selection? |
|
Definition
| breadding of domesticated plants and animals. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two main features of the Darwinian view of life? |
|
Definition
1. the diverse forms of life have arisen by decent with modification from ancestral species.
2. Mechanism of modification has been natural selection working over enormous tracts of time. |
|
|
Term
What is Homology?
What is Homologous structures? |
|
Definition
Homology = Similarity in characteristics resulting from a common ancestor.
Homologous structures = anatomical signs of evolution(bat wing, whale fin, human arm,) |
|
|
Term
What are vestigial organs?
What are embryocological homologies? |
|
Definition
Vestigial organs = structures of marginal importance to an organism, remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors.
Embryological Homologies = similarities in embryonic development(humans embryos develop gills) |
|
|
Term
| What are molecular homologies? |
|
Definition
| similar characteristics on a molecular level such as the use of the same genetic code, DNA, by all organisms. |
|
|
Term
What is Bio-geography?
What is endemic? |
|
Definition
Bio-geography is the geographical distribution of species.
Endemic means to be found no where else, referring to species native to only a certain place(aka Galapagos finches) |
|
|
Term
| What does the fossil record do in terms of other sciences? |
|
Definition
| The fossil record supports data that is proven by molecular bio, cellular bio and bio chem. Data from these sciences say prokaroyes should pre date eukaroyes and the fossil record supports this. |
|
|
Term
| Why does the Darwinian view of life endure in the study of biology? |
|
Definition
| The Darwinian view endures in bio because it is supported by independent types of evidence: evolutionary patters of homology that match patters in space(bio-geography) and time(fossil record) |
|
|
Term
| What did Lamarck(scientist) do? |
|
Definition
| Lamark predated Darwin. He places fossils in evolutionary context. Helped pave the way for Darwin by emphasizing the interactions between organisms and their environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Micro evolution is evolution on the smallest scale. The change in allele frequencies over a generation of a population. |
|
|
Term
| What did Hardy Weinburg theorem prove in terms of Darwin? |
|
Definition
| Darwin was missing an understanding of inheritance that could explain how chance variations arise in a population while also accounting for the precise transmissions of these variations, from parent to off spring. (Mendel's ideas accounted for this but Hardy-Weinberg connected these to theorems) |
|
|
Term
| What is the theory of modern synthesis? |
|
Definition
| It is the comprehensive theory of evolution that began to form in the 1940's. It was a combination of ideas from a geneticists, bio-geographer, taxonomist, paleontologist and botanist. |
|
|
Term
What is a population?
What is a species? |
|
Definition
Population=A localised group of individuals belonging to the same species.
Species= a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Hardy Weinberg theorem say? |
|
Definition
| Frequencies of alleles and genotypes in population's gene pool remain constant over the generations unless acted upon by agents other then than Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles. |
|
|
Term
What is Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the HW equation? |
|
Definition
states that Mendelian system has no tendency to alter allele frequencies from generation to generation.
P2+2pq +q2= 1
|
|
|
Term
| What are the four Hardy Weinberg assumptions? |
|
Definition
1.Very large populations
2. No migration(gene flow)
3.No net mutations
4. Random mating
5. No natural selection(no differential survival and reproduction success) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if frequency of alleles adjust from predicted values of H-W equation? |
|
Definition
| This is a sign that the population is evolving. |
|
|
Term
What is evolution?(population genetics)
|
|
Definition
| generation to generation change in allele frequencies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in population allele frequencies due to chance. |
|
|
Term
| What is the bottleneck effect? |
|
Definition
| Genetic drift due to drastic reduction in population size. |
|
|
Term
| What is the founder effect? |
|
Definition
| Genetic drift stemming from a new colony.(populations on a small island may have high rate of a single allele that is uncommon in the parent population) |
|
|
Term
| What is Natural Selection? |
|
Definition
| Differential success in reproduction. Only selection is likely to adapt a population to its environment by accumulating and maintaining favorable genotypes in a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic exchange between populations due to migration of fertile individuals or gametes. (tends to reduce differences between populations but increase variety within populations.) |
|
|
Term
| What is a mutation?(in terms of populations and natural selection) |
|
Definition
| The original source of genetic variation that serves as raw material for natural selection. |
|
|
Term
| Why do traits acquired during an organisms life time not transcend generations? |
|
Definition
| - only genetic components of variation can have evolutionary consequences a result of natural selection because its the only component that transcends generations. |
|
|
Term
| What does quantitative variation indicate? |
|
Definition
| Quantitative variation usually indicates poly-genetic inheritance, which is the additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. |
|
|
Term
What are quantitative characters?
What are discrete characters? |
|
Definition
-Characters that vary along a continuum within a population.(height)
Discrete characters= single characteristic determined by a single gene locus"either or" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two or more forms of a discrete character are represented in a population. (different forms called morphs) |
|
|
Term
| What is does it mean to be polymorphic? |
|
Definition
| a population with 2 or more distinct morphs in high frequencies.(applies to human blood type, freckles but not height cause it varies on a continuum) |
|
|
Term
| What is nucleotide diversity? |
|
Definition
| compares the nucleotide sequences of two individuals then pools data from many such comparisons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
human gene diversity=14%
human nuclotide diversity= .01% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differences in gene pools between populations of subgroup populations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| graded change of some trait along a geographic axis. |
|
|
Term
Where do most mutations occur?
What does sexual reproduction do to old alleles? |
|
Definition
*most mutations occur in Semitic cells(non sex cells) and are lost when the individual dies
*Sexual reproduction recombines old alleles into fresh assortments every generation. |
|
|
Term
| What is balanced Polymorphism? |
|
Definition
| ability of natural selection to maintain stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population. |
|
|
Term
| What is heterozygote advantage? |
|
Definition
| If heterozygotes have a better survival/ reproductive advantage over either homo-zygotes then two or more alleles will be maintained at the locus. |
|
|
Term
| What is frequency dependent selection? |
|
Definition
| Survival and reprduction of morphs declines if that phenotypic form becomes to common. |
|
|
Term
| What is neutral variation? |
|
Definition
| When a trait has no selective advantage or disadvantage.(such as differences in fingerprints) |
|
|
Term
| What is Darwinian fitness? |
|
Definition
| Darwinian fitness is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals. |
|
|
Term
| What is relative fitness? |
|
Definition
| Contribution of a genotype to the next generation relative to the contributors of alternative genotypes at the same locci. |
|
|
Term
| What is directional selection? |
|
Definition
| Shifts the overalll make up of the population by favoring variants of one extreme |
|
|
Term
| What is diversifying selection? |
|
Definition
| When environmental condition vary in away hat favors individuals on both extremes. |
|
|
Term
| What is stabilizing selection? |
|
Definition
| acts against extreme phenotypes and favors more common intermediates |
|
|
Term
| Why can natural selection not fashion perfect organisms? |
|
Definition
1) evolution is limited by historical constraints(all new modifications descend from ancestors, no new structures from scratch)
2)Adaptions are often compromises(humans are agile and fast but are prone to tears and sprains)
3)Not all evolution is adaptive(chance is large part of who survives, sometimes better suited alleles die off)
4) selection can only edit existing variations(better alleles dont rise on demand) |
|
|
Term
| What is the biological species concept? |
|
Definition
| population or group of populations that have potential to interbreed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents populations belonging to different species from interbreeding even if their ranges overlap. |
|
|
Term
| What is prezygotic barrier? |
|
Definition
| impedes mating between species or hinders the fertilization of ova if members of different species attempt to mate. |
|
|
Term
(prezygotic barrier) What is habitat isolation?
What is behavior isolation?
What Temporal isolation? |
|
Definition
Habitat Isolation=Species living in differnent habitats
Behavior isolation= Special signals or behaviors that attract mates. Most important reproduting barreir among closely related species.
Temporal isolation = species that breed at different times. |
|
|
Term
(prezygotic barrier)What is mechanical isolation?
What is gametic isolation? |
|
Definition
(both are prezygotic barriers)
Mechanical isolation=not allowing closely related species to mate due to there anatomical anatomy.
Gametic isolation= the sperm of one species may not be able to surive the reproductive tract of another.
|
|
|
Term
| What are postzygotic barriers? |
|
Definition
| usually prevent hybrid zygote from developing into viable fertile adult. |
|
|
Term
| What is reduced hybrid viability? |
|
Definition
(postzygotic behavior)
Reduced hyrbid viability is the genetic incombatibilites between to species that many times abort the zygote development |
|
|
Term
| What is hyrbid break down? |
|
Definition
(postzygotic behavior)
When the hybrid offsprings offspring are infertile. |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations to Biological species concept? |
|
Definition
| Limitations to BSC include inability to check fossil records for interbreeding and lack of evidence on most organisms interbreeding patterns. Also a sexual creatures do not fit this concept. |
|
|
Term
| Ecological species concept? |
|
Definition
| defines species as a ecological niches, specific set of resources a species uses. |
|
|
Term
| Plurlistic species concept? |
|
Definition
| Combination of reproductive isolation and ecological niche. |
|
|
Term
| Morphological species concept? |
|
Definition
| characterises each species in terms of a unique set of structural species.(doesn't explain why species exist) |
|
|
Term
| Genological Species Concept? |
|
Definition
| species are a set of organisms with a unique genetic history. |
|
|
Term
Allopatric Speciation?
vs
Sympatric speciation |
|
Definition
=a population forms a new species while being isolated from its parent population
-a small population becomes a new species with out geographic isolation(requires a reproductive barrier that isolates a gene pool) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species diverse in spurts of relatively rapid change instead of gradually.(species go under morphological change when they firs bud from parent species aka first 50,000 years of 5 million year existence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a population diverges ad results in reproductive isolation from parent population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure that evolves in one context but becomes co opted for another.(tool of evolution, arm of common ancestor of human became useful for flight of bats) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative growth rates of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary change in rate or timing of development events(genes for foot growth of salamander mutated and stop growing feet early allowing certain species to be able to climb trees) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when rate of development accelerates compared to somatic development causing juvenile structures of ancestral species to be retained in new species.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -control placment and spatial orgnization of body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of evolutionary change that produces biological diveristy by budding one or more species from a parent species that continues to exist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non branching evolution, ancestrial species evovle gradually into new specieas so that the number of species does not change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Permian mass extinction? |
|
Definition
| occurred 250 million years ago. 90% of marine species died. Occurred in less then 5 million years. Pangea combined with volcanic activity may have warmed climate not allowing ocean water to mix depleting 02 killing marine life. |
|
|
Term
| Cretaceous Mass extinction |
|
Definition
| Occurred 65 million years ago. (boundary between mesozoic and Cenozoic) Doomed more then half of marine species and exterminate many families of plants and animals(dinosaurs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of ancestrial species and all its descendents |
|
|
Term
| Shared primative characters? |
|
Definition
| -a homology common to a taxon but more inclusive then one trying to be defined |
|
|
Term
| Shared derived character? |
|
Definition
| evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative taxonomy system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simplicity(referring to phylogenetic trees) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four eras in order? |
|
Definition
| Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic |
|
|
Term
| How old is the world? When were the first traces of life? What are the oldest fossils? Oldest prokaryotes? First eukaryote?(what era did all this occur) |
|
Definition
earth age=4.6 billion
1st life= 3.8 billion
Prokaryote fossils= 3.5 billion
first eukaryote= 2.2 billion |
|
|
Term
When was the Cambrian period? What happened?
-When were the first alge?
When were bony fish and amphibians?
When did extensive forests begin to exist? |
|
Definition
-Cambrian period was 510 million years ago, modern animal phyla.
-First alge were 439 million years ago during the Ordivician period, colinization of land by plants.
-Bony fish were 363 million years ago(devonian)
-Exstensive forests (290 million years ago)
(all during paleozoic era) |
|
|
Term
| what happened during the permian era? When was it? |
|
Definition
| The permian period was a mass extinction of marine life, 245 million years ago. During the Paleozoic era. |
|
|
Term
| What happend during the Mesosoic era? What three periods? When did they occur? |
|
Definition
Triassic(206 million years ago)=gymnosperms
Jurassic(144 million years ago)=dinosaurs abundant
Cretaceous(65 million years ago)=mass extinction(dinosaurs) |
|
|
Term
| When did the first mammals appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When was the major radiation of mammals and birds?
When were the first primates?When were the first humans? |
|
Definition
This was all during the cenozoic era. Major radiation was 57 million years ago. Primates orgin was 23 million years ago.
Apelike ancestors of humans= 1.8 million years ago |
|
|
Term
| What happened during the quaterany period? |
|
Definition
| Pleistoicene epoch= humans appear, major ice age about 100,000 years ago. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fossilised mats similar to layered microbial mats that certain groups from today in salt.
|
|
|
Term
| How long did prokaryotes dominate the earth? |
|
Definition
| from 3.5 billon years ago till 2 billion years ago(first eukaroytes) |
|
|
Term
| When did oxygen start accumulating in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
| -2.7 billion years ago due to cyanobacteria who started to appear around then |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
*Facts about RNA
-When were the first multicellular eukaroyotes?
|
|
Definition
-RNA world pre dated a DNA world
-1.26 billion years ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Probiants may have predated cells. Keep a chemical enviorment internally. Do not reproduce. May have bee able to modify substances taken across the memebrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA molecule that functions as a catalyst. |
|
|
Term
| What do prokaryotes range in size? |
|
Definition
| 1-5 micro meters. they have a cell wall made of peptodiglycan |
|
|
Term
What are lipopolysaccharides?
What does penacillin do? |
|
Definition
on gram negative bacteria and are often toxic on disease causing bacteria.
Penacillin prevents synthesis of peptodiglycan cross links in cell walls. |
|
|
Term
What do pili do?
What is taxis?
|
|
Definition
Pili= allow for prokarytes to adhere to surfaces and undergo conjugagtion
taxis= move towards and away from stimulus |
|
|
Term
What is the nucleoid region?
What are plasmids? |
|
Definition
DNA concentrated snarl fiber in cell of prokaryotes. (where DNA is stored)
-Plasmids are small rings of DNA consisting of a few genes. Allow for gene resistance. Can be transferred through conjugation and replicate independently.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotes reproduce asexually by this mode of cell division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prokayotic cells take up a gene from the surrounding enviorment.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct transfer of genes from one prokaryote to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virus's transfer genes between prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
| Why can prokaryotes adapt quickly to environmental changes? |
|
Definition
| * due to higher amounts of mutations due to increased amount of generations in a short period of time populations can rapidly adapt to environmental change |
|
|
Term
| What is an edospore? How are they killed? |
|
Definition
| The cell replicates and realeases a durable cell that can survive extreme conditions for centuries or more. Autoclave which is the process of sterlizing material at 105 degrees C can kill endospores. |
|
|
Term
| What are photoautotrophs? |
|
Definition
| photosynthetic organisms that harness light energy to drive syntheses of organic compounds. |
|
|
Term
| What are chemo autotrophs? |
|
Definition
| need only CO2 as a carbon source but obtain energy by breaking down inorganic substances |
|
|
Term
| What are photoheterotrophs? What are some examples? |
|
Definition
Can use light to generate ATP but must obtain carbon energy from an organic source.
* majority of known prokayotes are chemoheterotrophs including
Saprobes= decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead organic material.
Parasites=absorb nutrients from bdoy fluid of living host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotes convert N2 to ammonium. Heterocytes are specialized cells that cyanobacteria use to complete this process. |
|
|
Term
| What are obligate aerobes? |
|
Definition
| use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow with out it. |
|
|
Term
What are facultative anaerobic?
What are obligate anaerobics? |
|
Definition
-will use O2 if present but can also grow by fermentation.
-are poisoned by O2 |
|
|
Term
| what was the first metabolic pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are signature sequences? |
|
Definition
| regions of SSu-rRNA that have a unique nucleotide sequence acquired by an accumulation of mutations in the ancestor taxonomic group. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three bacterial shapes? |
|
Definition
Cocci- spherical
Bacilli=rodshaped
helices=helical |
|
|
Term
| What are extremophiles? what are the 3 types? |
|
Definition
| archea that can surive in extreme conditions, this includes methanogens, thermophiles and halophiles |
|
|
Term
What extreme thermophiles?
halophiles?
methanogens? |
|
Definition
Archaea that can survive in extreme heat.
live in extreme salt. Some tolerate it some need it to surivive
-Methanogens use CO2 to oxidise H2 producing methane as waste product(important role in rheumatoid break down of cellulose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all methanogens and halophiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thermophile classification |
|
|
Term
What is symbiosis?
What are the three kinds? |
|
Definition
ecological relationships of organisms in direct contact.
Mutualism= both host and organsim benifit
Commensalism= benifits one while other is unaffected
Parasitism= one organism benifits at exspense of the host |
|
|
Term
| What is an opportunistic prokaryote? |
|
Definition
| normal resident of hosts but can cause illness when defenses are weakened. |
|
|
Term
| What is knocks postulate? What are the 4 steps? |
|
Definition
identifies bacteria responsible for illness
1)find the same pathogen in each diseased individual investigated
2)isolate and grow microbe in a pure culture
3)induce disease in experimental animals
4)isolate same pathogen from diseased animal once disease develops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins secreted by the prokayoes thta cna produce disease with out the prokaryone being present.(poison secreted) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Components of outer membrane of certain gram negative bacteria that can cause disease when it dies.(Salmonella) |
|
|
Term
| What are proteo-bacteria? |
|
Definition
-gram negative bacteria
include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs
-both anaerobic and aerobic |
|
|
Term
| What are alpha proteobacteria? |
|
Definition
-Closely related to eukaryotic hosts include Rhizobium(live in nodules of roots convert N2)
-Mitochondria evolved from these through endosymbiosis |
|
|
Term
| What are Beta Proteobacteria? |
|
Definition
| -Nitrogen recylcing by oxidizing ammonium, producing nitrite as a waste product |
|
|
Term
| What are Gamma proteo bacteria? |
|
Definition
-oxidize H2S, produce sulfur as waste product
-Some are pathogens such as vibrio cholera |
|
|
Term
| What are Delta Proteo bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Slime secreting myxobacterai. When food runs out cells congregate into fruiting bodies releasing resistant myxospores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogenic to humans include helibacter pylori causing stomach ulcers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parasites that can only surive in animal cells.
-lack peptodiglycan in cell walls
-Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of blindness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-helical heterotrophs spiral through enviorment.
-pathogenic
-some cause syphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-photautotrophs only prokaryotes wiht plant like oxygen generating photosynthesis.
-have speical cells called heterocysts that can undergo Nitrogen fixation. |
|
|
Term
| What are gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
-Rival proteobacteria in diversity.
-used as source for many antibiotics
- some actinomycetes cause leprosy and tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| Protists? What is there nutritional processes? |
|
Definition
-diverse group of eukaryotes that are mostly unicellular but very complex
-most protists are aerobic in their metabolism using mitochondria for cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| What are the three catagories of protizoa? |
|
Definition
ingestive= animal like
absorbtive= fungus like
photosynthetic= plant like |
|
|
Term
| How do protists move? how does this differ from prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
| They use flagella for movement. Eukaryotic flagella is an extension of the cytoplasm while prokaryotic is attached to cell surfaces. |
|
|
Term
How do they reproduce?
What are cysts? |
|
Definition
Some reproduce a-sexually while others employ the sexual process of meiosis.
Cysts= resistant cells that can survive harsh conditions
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| account for half of of the photsynthetic products globally. Base to most marine food webs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diplomonads = have multiple flagella and two separate nuclei(no plastids or mitochondria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lack mitochondria
-include protist T vaginalis
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anterior pocket where flagella emerge
-use paramyclan a glucose monomer
-autotrophic may absorb molecules or use phagocytosis
-include kinestoplastids which have large mitochondrian. Alter molecular structure of coats to avoid detection by immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-draws together groups of flagellates(dinoflagellates), parasites(apicomplexans)and distinctive group o eukayoes taht move with cillia(ciliates)
-have small membrane bound cavites udner their cell surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-foundation of marine food web
-considered a alveolata
-have reinforced cellulose armor
-biolummescent in oceans(create lights) may attract fish to attack prey
|
|
|
Term
| What are Apicomplexans? What do they used to infect? |
|
Definition
-Paraistes of animals.
-The parasite dissemintate as atine infectious cellls called sporozoites. which are cells containing a complex organelles specialized for penetrating host cells
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Most ciliates live as solitary cells in fresh water.
-have very short cilia
-two types of nuclei macronucleus and several micronucleuses
-binary fission for reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-heterotrophic and photosynthetic
-only flagellated stages are motil reproductive cells
-include oomycotes, heterokants algae, diatoms and golden algae |
|
|
Term
What are oomycotes?
What are heterokont algae? |
|
Definition
-water molds, white rust,downy mildews
-plastids evolved by secondary endsymbiosis include diatoms golden algae and brown algae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-unique grass like walls consisting of hydrated silica embedined in an organic matrix
-asexual reproduction
-cysts formed
-store food source in form of glucose monomer Laminarin |
|
|
Term
Golden Algae?
Brown Algae? |
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Definition
-named for color resulting from pigments and are unicellular
-Larges most complex algae , type of seaweed |
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Term
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Definition
- most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae
Thallus=refers to body
-lack roots, stems and leaves
-the blade proides most surface area for photosynthesis
-cell wall consists of cellulose and gel forming polysaccacharide |
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Term
what is alternative generations?
whats is a sporophyte?
what is a gametophyte? |
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Definition
alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms(seas weeds do this)
-sporophyte=diploid individual
gametophyte= haploid individual |
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Term
what is heteromorphic?
what is isomorphic? |
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Definition
Heteromorphic= sporophyte and gametophytes that are structurally different
Isomorphic=sporophyte and gametophytes that look alike but have different numbers of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
-no flagellated stages in life cycle
-evolved from cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis
-multicellular and absorb red and green lights
-populat warm coastal waters
-depend on water currents to bring gametes together |
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Term
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Definition
(green algae)
-closely related to plants
-7000 or more species
-chlorophytes are among the algae that live symbiotically with fungi in mutualistic collectives know as lichens. |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular extesniosn use for movement and feeding |
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Term
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Definition
-amoebas used in psedophobia
-abundant in soils both freshwater and marine enviorments
-spred through contaminated drinking water |
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Term
Acitipoda?
what is radiolarian? |
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Definition
-beautiful protists with a think aer of cytoplasm
-refers to several groups of mostly marine actinopoda with skeletons fused into one delicate piece, most commonly made of silica |
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Term
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Definition
- almost all marine
-most species live in sand or attach to rokcs and algea
-have shells
-90% of all species idetified are fossils |
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Term
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Definition
-plasmodial slime molds or cellular slime molds
-bright either yellow or orange
-unicellular even though large
-uses plasmodium to engulf food
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Term
| difference between cellular slime molds and plasmodial slime molds? |
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Definition
Plasmodial slime mold engulf food by phagocytosis, unicellular, diploid
Cellular slime molds are haploid, fruiting bodies, asexual reproduction |
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