Term
| What is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy? |
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Definition
| Food made up of energy-rich macromolecules |
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Term
| What is correct regarding thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| Energy can be transformed from one form to another |
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Term
| Where is the useful energy stored in a molecule of ATP? |
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Definition
| In the bonds connecting the two terminal phosphate groups |
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Term
| Oxidation reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss in ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactant is called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules that influence enzymes through the allosteric regulation: |
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Definition
| Bind to a non-active site on the enzyme. |
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Term
| Metabolic reactions fall under two general categories: Anabolic and catabolic. What type of chemical reactions are these two classes of metabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| Anabolic reactions are endergonic, where as catabolic reations are exergonic. |
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Term
| Lifes ultimate source of energy is derived from ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What process converts radient energy from the source above into potential energy in the covalent bonds between carbohydrate molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
| The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction |
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Term
| The regulation of simple biochemical pathways often involves the end-product binding to the allosteric site of the first enzyme in the sequence. This mode of regulation is called______. |
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Definition
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Term
Sucrose phosphate synthase is one of the enzymes involved in sucrose synthesis. Indicate how changes in each of these factors would influence the rate of synthesis of sucrose
Temperature changed from optimal |
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Definition
| Denatures enzyme decreasing activity |
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Term
Sucrose phosphate synthase is one of the enzymes involved in sucrose synthesis. Indicate how changes in each of these factors would influence the rate of synthesis of sucrose
pH changed from optimal |
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Definition
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Term
Sucrose phosphate synthase is one of the enzymes involved in sucrose synthesis. Indicate how changes in each of these factors would influence the rate of synthesis of sucrose
Inhibitors added |
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Definition
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Term
Sucrose phosphate synthase is one of the enzymes involved in sucrose synthesis. Indicate how changes in each of these factors would influence the rate of synthesis of sucrose
Activators added |
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Definition
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Term
Sucrose phosphate synthase is one of the enzymes involved in sucrose synthesis. Indicate how changes in each of these factors would influence the rate of synthesis of sucrose
Cofactors/coenzymes removed |
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Definition
| Opposite of facilitating enzyme activity |
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Term
| Where does the ATP come from for the reaction in plant cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is sucrose synthesis catabolic or anabolic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the other kcal of energy for ATP not used by sucrose synthesis? |
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Definition
| Turns into thermal energy and is released. |
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Term
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Definition
| The brank of chemistry concerned with energy changes |
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Term
| What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? |
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Definition
| Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Potential energy is stored energy |
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Term
| What forms can energy take? |
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Definition
| Mechanical energy, heat, sound, electric current, light, or radioactivity |
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Term
| What is the source of energy for the biosphere? What process do plants, bacteria and some algae use to capture this energy? |
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Definition
| The sun is the source of energy for the biosphere. Plants, bacteria, and algae capture this energy through photosynthesis |
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Term
| Compare and contrast oxidation and reduction reactions. |
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Definition
| oxidation is when an atom or molecule loses and electron. Oxidized. Oxidation and reduction take place together because every electron that is lost by one atom through oxidation is gained by another atom called reduction. |
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Term
| What is a redox reaction? |
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Definition
| Oxidation-reduction reaction |
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Term
| First law of thermodynamics: |
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Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change from one form to another |
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Term
| Second law of thermodynamics: |
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Definition
| That the disorder of the universe, more formally called entropy, is continuously increasing (disorder is more likely that order) |
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Term
| Distinguish between entropy, enthalpy and free energy: |
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Definition
| Free energy is the amount of energy acually available to break and subsequently form other chemical bonds. The energy available to work in a system. Enthalpy: G is equal tot he energy contained in molecules chemical bonds. |
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Term
| Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic: |
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Definition
| Endergonic is any reaction that requires an input of energy. (inward energy). Exergonic reactions release the excess of free energy as heat. (outward energy) |
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Term
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Definition
Δ: Change in free energy
G: Free Energy
We use ΔG to determin whether or not a chemical reaction will be spontaneous. |
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Term
What is activation energy and how does it relate to the work of catalysts? |
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Definition
| The extra energy needed to destabalyze existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction is called activation energy. Activation energy must be lowered to initiate a reaction. A catalyst does this. |
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Term
| Whta type of molecule is ATP? |
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Definition
| The chief "currency" all cells use for their energy transactions in the nucleotide adenosone triphosphate (ATP) |
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Term
| Distinguish which bonds in ATP are "High Energy" |
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Definition
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Term
| How does ATP store energy? |
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Definition
| In its triphosphate group. Phosphate groups are highly negatively charged and they strongly reple each other. |
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Term
| Describe the role of ATP in short-term energy: |
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Definition
| The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds make it a bad long term energy storer |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaking of weak phosphate bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell uses exergonic reactions to provide the energy needed to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi; They use the hydrolysis of ATP to provide energy to drive the endergonic reactions they need |
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Term
| Explain how enzymes bind to substrates: |
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Definition
| They have a unique 3-D shape that enables it to stabalize and temporaily associate between substrates. lowers activation energy. |
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Term
| Distinguish between and substrate, a product and an enzyme in a catalytic cycle. |
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Definition
| substrate are the molecules that will undergo the reaction. Enzymes carry out mosy of catalysts in living organisms and products are what you get. |
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Term
| What is a cofactor? What is a coenzyme? What are they used for? |
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Definition
| Enzyme function is often assisted by cofactors. When the cofactor is a non protein organic molecule it is called a coenzyme. |
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Term
| Distinguish between catabolism, metabolism, and anabolism... |
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Definition
Metabolism: the total chemical reactions carried out by and organism.
Anabolic Reactions: Chemical reactions that expend energy to build up molecules
Catabolic Reactions: Reactions that harvest energy by breaking down molecules |
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Term
| The reaction that make up metabolism: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a biochemical pathway? |
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Definition
| Many of the reactions in cells occur in specific sequences called biochemical pathways |
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Term
| Discuss what is meant by metabolic pathway: |
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Definition
| Biochemical pathways are the organizational units of metabolism. The element the organism controls to achieve coherent metabolic activity |
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Term
| What is feedback inhibition? |
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Definition
| Regulation of simple biochemical pathways. The end product of the pathway binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway. |
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Term
| 6.1) What energy source might ecosystems at the bottom of the ocean use? |
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Definition
| At the bottom of the ocean light is not an option, as it does not pentrate that deep. However, there is a large form of energy in the form of reduced minerals, such as sulfur compounds, that can be oxidized. These are abundant at hydrothermal vents found at the junctions of tectonic plates. This supports whole ecosystems dependent on the bacteria that oxidized reduced minerals available at the hydrothermal vents. |
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Term
| 6.2) Can an enzyme make an endergonic reaction exergonic? |
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Definition
In a work no. Enzymes only alter the rate of reactions; they do not change the thermodynamics of the reactions.
The action of the enzyme does not change the ΔG for that reaction. |
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Term
| 6.3)If the molecular weight of ATP is 507.18g/mol, and the ΔG for hydrolysis is -7.3 kcal/mol, how much energy is released over the course of the day by a 100-kg man? |
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Definition
In the text, it stated that the average person turns over approximately their body weight in ATP per day. This gives enough information to determine approximately the amount of energy released:
100 kg + 1.0 x 105 g
(1.0 x 105g)/(507.18 g/mol) = 197.2 mol
(197.2 mol)(7.3 kcal/mol) = 1,439 kcal |
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Term
| 6.5) Is a catabolic pathway likely to be subject to feedback inhibition? |
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Definition
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Term
| A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| During a redox reaction the molecule that gains a electron has been... |
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Definition
| reduced and now has a higher energy level |
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Term
An endergonic reaction has the following properties...
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Definition
| +ΔG and the reaction is not spontaneous |
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Term
| A spontaneous reaction is one in which... |
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Definition
| The reactants have a higher free energy than the products |
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Term
| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
| The energy requirred to initate a chemical reaction |
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Term
| What is not a property of a catalyst? |
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Definition
A catalyst lowers the energy of the reactants.
They do however...
Reduce the activation energy of a reaction
Does not change as a result of the reaction
works in both the forward and reverse directions of a reaction |
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Term
| Where is energy stored in the molecule of ATP? |
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Definition
| In the bonds connecting two terminal phosphate groups |
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Term
| Cells use ATP to drive endergonic reactions because... |
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Definition
| Energy released by ATP hydrolysis makes ΔG for coupled reactions more negative |
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Term
Which of the following is not true regaurding enzymes?
Enzymes use the 3-d shape of their active site to bind reactants.
Enzymes lower the activation energy for a reaction.
Enzymes make ΔG for a reaction more negative.
Enzymes can catalylze the forward and reverse directions of a reaction. |
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Definition
| Enzymes make ΔG for a reaction more negative. |
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Term
| What is the function of the active site on the enzyme? |
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Definition
| Bind to substrate, forming and enzyme-substrate complex and side groupd within active site interact with the substrate. |
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Term
| The discovery of ribosomes meant that... |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes have similar responses to both changes in temperature and pH. The effect is on the... |
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Definition
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Term
| In feedback inhibition, the... |
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Definition
| first enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the end-product of the pathway |
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Term
| Synthesis question 1 and 2!!! |
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Definition
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