All animals must eat to provide which two important things?

Energy/building blocks to assemble new molecules

Essential molecules not made by these organisms

(blank) energy is required to break bonds, (blank) energy is required to from NEW bonds

some

more

The (blank) is the energy a resting animal requires to stay alive each (blank)

About what percentage of energy goes to these functions, and list some examples

Basal Metabolic Rate

Day

About 75%, some examples: heating, cooling, digestion (essential functions for life)

About (blank) percent of energy goes towards preforming "extra" activity. Some examples of this are:

25%

Standing, thinking, sleeping, motion (sports,walking, running etc)

Energy needs are expressed as (blanks)

Calories

(the capital is important!!)

What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie? Which measures dietary energy needs?

a kilocalorie (or a kcal) is also referred to as a Calorie.

1000 calories=1kcal

Dietary energy needs are expressed in Calories, or kcal

What does a Calorie describe?

The potential energy content of foods

States how much cellular work can be powered by the energy released from the breakdown of that food

Are there set requirements for caloric needs?

No, it varies by sex, age, height, and physical activity levels

(a 6.5ft bodybuilder would require more calories than a 5ft petite office worker)

What is cellular respiration?

Aerobic energy harvesting from food molecules

Cellular respiration generates (blank) used for cellular work

ATP

What type of process (exergonic or endergonic) is cellular respiration? Define how this process works.

Exergonic (energy is released)

Chemical energy in bonds of glucose are released and stored in chemical bonds of ATP

How many molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule? About how much energy from glucose is actually transferred into ATP?

32

34%, the rest goes to heat

Is breathing a part of energy generation?

Yes, it provides necessary oxygen for production of ATP in cellular respiration, and removes CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration

To power cells (and the body as a whole) Glucose and (blank) are broken down into (blank) and (blank), and ATP, which the cell captures as energy.

This process takes place in the (blank) of cells.

MANY STEPS INVOLVED, THIS IS SIMPLIFIED.

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Water

Mitochondria

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation (or Electron Transport Chain)

Glycolysis oxidizes (blank) into 2 molecules of (blank)

Glucose

pyruvate

Harvested energy in Glycolysis is stored in (blank) and (blank)

How many of each of these "products" are formed?

ATP and NADH

2 molecules of each

Glycolysis is a complicated (blank) pathway with many steps leading to the next.

Forms many (blanks)

Involves many (blanks)

metabolic

intermediates

enzymes

Citric Acid Cycle produces many energy rich molecules per (blank) molecule.

The three main ones and their amounts are:

hint: two of the three are reduced to form final product.

Glucose

three molecules:

2 ATP

6NAD+ reduced to 6 NADH (this is six ADDITIONAL molecules, aka doesn't include the two from Glycolysis)

2 FAD reduced to 2 FADH2

The NADH and FADH2 produced in the (blank) go to the (blank)

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Oxidative Phosphorylation (aka electron transport chain) generates the most (blank)

ATP

Energy released as (blanks) pass "down" (blank) carries of electron transport chain built into the (blank) mitochondria membrane

electrons

electron

inner

With the released energy in the electron transport chain, molecules of FADH2 and NADH lose their (blanks), (are blanked), and these are (blankly) transported across membrane to where it is less concentrated (the (blank) membrane space in the mitochondria)

hydrogen(s), oxidized

actively

intermembrane

Energy from (blank) phoshorylates (blank) to ATP

Oxidation

ADP

(Blank) allows the electron transport chain to synthesize (blank)

Chemiosmosis 

ATP

Chemiosmosis uses (blank) in the H+ gradient to drive (blank) synthesis

Potential energy

ATP

ATP synthase is an (blank) which is embedded in membrane, and synthesizes ATP. Explain how it works.

Enzyme

It allows hydrogens to move out and through the inner and outer membranes

Carbohydrates can be broken down into (blank), one of which (blank) can be used to start Glycolysis

Sugars

Glucose

Fats can be broken down into either (blank) or fatty acids. Blank forms G3P, which is used in Glycolysis to finally create (blank), while fatty acids go directly to the (blank) step.

Glycerol

Pyruvate

Citric Acid Cycle

Proteins can be broken down into Amino acids, which can break off into (blanks) or can continue to be used in the (blank) step directly.

Citric Acid Cycle

Which generates more energy, fats or glucose? Which is broken down faster? (e.g more often used first?)

Fats generate more energy (higher Calories), but glucose is broken down faster, so the body tends to use this as a primary source of fuel.