Term
| Types of Limiting Factors |
|
Definition
| Density Dependent Factors, Density Independent Factors |
|
|
Term
| Density Dependent Factors |
|
Definition
| Effects on a population depend on the amount of organisms you have; more organisms=greater effect; less organisms=less effect |
|
|
Term
| Density Dependent Factors Examples |
|
Definition
Limited food supply: low population=below carrying capacity=enough food, high population=above carrying capacity=not enough food and more organisms effected
Dingos: rabies, the greater the population, the more dingos that have and spread rabies |
|
|
Term
| Density Independent Factors |
|
Definition
| Population density has nothing to do with its effect, whether there are a high/low number of individuals, it does not matter. Effects are the same |
|
|
Term
| Density Independent Factors Examples |
|
Definition
| Climate, weather, building, urbanization |
|
|
Term
| Boom and Bust Population Cycles |
|
Definition
Snowshoe Hares (prey) and Lynx (predator) and Willow Trees (the real cause) example
Willow trees indirectly had an effect on the lynx population because they made bitter tasting chemicals that hares would not eat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strongly convex, tend to live through entire lifespan, high chance of surviving until late life, parental care=survive when young; typical of humans and large mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equal chances of dying through lifespan, typical of many prey animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Young have very high chance of dying, once individuals make it near age of adulthood, have a great chance of surviving for a long time, no internal fertilization=high mortality of young b/c predators like eggs; typical of fish and most invertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Young have very high chance of dying, once individuals make it near age of adulthood, have a great chance of surviving for a long time, no internal fertilization=high mortality of young b/c predators like eggs; typical of fish and most invertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
number of survivors (y axis) vs. time (x axis)
Has to do with strateies developed for dealing with environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of events from birth through death; two main strateies foir dealing with the environment IN TERMS OF REPRODUCTION: opportunisitic life history and equilibrial life history |
|
|
Term
| Opportunistic Life History |
|
Definition
| live in unpredictable environments; reproduce a lot at a young age; do not take care of young; usually for critters that have a short lifespan; offspring ususally die very quickly but during good years, population skyrockets; r-selection (reproduction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for organisms that have a long lifespan; typical of larger organisms; live longer, mature sexually, and reproduce later in life; live in predictable environment that hardly ever varies; k selection (carrying capacity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important to look at HOW MANY of each species you have and less important to look at TOTAL number of species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevalent form of vegetation; all critters in community depend on plants in an area; can tell what kind of animals live in an area by plant life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| community's ability to resist change; self perpetuating (renews itself indefinitely) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy: how it is distributed in a particular community;
who/what is eating who/what
how they are doing the eating
predator/prey relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two species in conflict for the same resources at the same time (food, nesting site, territory, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Interspecific Competition |
|
Definition
| when two predators are going for the same prey at the same time, one of the predators will evenutally become extinct |
|
|
Term
| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
|
Definition
| developed by G.F. Gause, who tested protista; states that two species cannot compete for the same resource at the same time b/c one will win and one will lose ALWAYS; two species cannot occupy the same nich at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what a species does for a living |
|
|
Term
| Human Intervention and Competition |
|
Definition
| when humans intervene and move a species from its original environment, it causes unnecessary competition, making species go extinct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prey want to live and have offspring, will adapt: by becoming big, fast and agile, camouflaged/hiding, armor plated, chemical/poisonous, warning coloration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different critters will mimic others' coloration to warm predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get faster/more agile with prey; have talons, claws, etc.; can out think prey; hunt in packs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that do not spray chemicals, poison, etc. will develop same colors as critters that do to keep predators away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonliving factors that affect living things; examples: solar radiation, temperature, precipitation |
|
|
Term
| Most important abiotic factors |
|
Definition
| temperature and precipitation; can tell a lot about an area based on these two factors |
|
|
Term
| Solar energy distribution |
|
Definition
| determines what plants are in an area because of the amount of sunlight available for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Assuming the earth is NOT tilted (NOT TRUE)... |
|
Definition
most direct sunlight at the equator
moving away from the center, equal amounts of sunlight at equal distances away, but sunlight must be spread over larger area since the earth is curved
sunlight must spread over greatest area at the poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Warm air heated up at equator -> Rises into the atmosphere -> hot moist air rises up from the surface and starts to cool -> cannot hold as much moisture -> air drops moisture as rain
WHY IT RAINS AT ABOUT SAME TIME EACH DAY AT EQUATOR IN TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
ALSO, NO WINTERS AT EQUATOR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air currents
as air foes up and cools off, it bumps into the lower jet stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wind patterns that encircle the globe; go north and south |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
as ir goes up, it cools off and bumps into lower jet stream; air continues to cool down until it reaches temp of other wind patterms
cooler air will start to go down again
cool air then warms up again as it approaches the ground
warming air soaks up more moisture from the ground
DROPS AGAIN AT 30 DEGREES N AND S LATITUDE |
|
|
Term
| Great Deserts of the world-where are they found? |
|
Definition
| 30 degrees north and south latitude |
|
|
Term
| Great temperate rainforests-where are they found? |
|
Definition
| 60 degrees north and south latitude |
|
|
Term
| Assuming the earth DOES rotate on its axis... |
|
Definition
atmosphere acts as a fluid
air gets dragged by friction when earth spins b/c earth moves faster than air
all of the gyres ger curved until you get prevailing wind patterns |
|
|
Term
| Prevailing wind patterns in US |
|
Definition
generally go from west coast to east coast
summer: from southwest
winter: from northwest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
warm air comes out of ocean -> must go up mountain -> increase in altitude=colder air -> cannot hold moisture any longer -> RAIN
on the other side of the mtn slope, air goes down and warms up, absorbing moisture, which is why the western side does not have as much moisture |
|
|
Term
| Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska-why great plains and prairies? |
|
Definition
| there is not enough moisture to grow forests, so they can only grow grass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make up 2/3 of planet; ocean is heated by sun; also move at diff speed than earth |
|
|
Term
| Basic Motion of Gulf Stream Ocean Current |
|
Definition
| Carribbean to east coast of N. America to Europe and comes around and back again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shallow; tremendous amounts of heat; why ocean cities are always warmer; sends all of warm water to England, which is why England has much warmer climate than Scandanavia, which is very closeby |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water hits continent, then must travel up
brings all kinds of nutrients to upper layer of the ocean; all kinds of food chains develop in these areas; greatest fisheries of the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tilted at 23.5 degrees
causes diff seasons to diff areas, opposite seasons in N and S hemispheres
why birds migrate from area to area (to follow the warm season) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur near the equator; always warm; always rainy; greenhouse environment=plants grow like crazy; long and large plants; glaciers have never reached them; very complex -> more species in 1 rainforst than all other biomes on planet combined; thousands of species not even discovered yet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking apart of rainforests leads to disappearing species/complexity |
|
|
Term
| Tropical Rainforst Species |
|
Definition
| highly specialized; so they do not compete with one another for niches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very poor and not good for growing; nutrients caught up in living systems, so soil does not have any nutrients; if a tree falls, nutrients are immediately picked up by other organisms so there arent loose nutrients in the soil unused |
|
|
Term
| Tropical Rainforest Regeneration |
|
Definition
once part of TRF is ruined, it stays ruined b/c it takes 10-15,000 years to regenerate due to lack of nutrients in soil
when plants cut down, terrible erosion due to rain |
|
|
Term
| Tropical Grasslands aka Savannahs |
|
Definition
| widely spaced trees; mostly grass; subject to a lot of fires; lots of herbivores; less rainfall; warm environment; found in S. America, Australia, and Central Africa; one biome ahead of becoming a desert in terms of moisture levels |
|
|
Term
| Tropical Grassland Species |
|
Definition
| herbivores grazing; follow rain for water; herbivores follow rain -> carnivores follow herbivores |
|
|
Term
| Deserts-characteristics and types |
|
Definition
less than 30 cm of rainfall per year; permanent high pressure systems suck water out of land and there is no rain; increasing in size as we speak
types: inhospitable, warm and semi-dry, hospitable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when people mess with grasslands, which are very close to becoming deserts; Sahara used to be a very small desert but not it is growing and spreading through Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less warm, less heat, winters are rare; have no trees: moisture just enough to keep it from going to a desert; hardly any left b/c used by humans for farming; where there used to be bison in US |
|
|
Term
| Temperate Grasslands-names all over the world |
|
Definition
Prairies in US
Steppes in Asia
Pampas in S. America
Veldt in Africa |
|
|
Term
| Temperate Grasslands & the Dust Bowl |
|
Definition
| People cut the grass; nothing left to hold soil down; all fo the soil in Midwest blew to VA; now people have better agricultural methods to make sure this does not occur |
|
|
Term
| Temperate Deciduous Forests |
|
Definition
| Used to be full of trees; most changed biome due to human intervention; enough moisture for rain=trees/forests; wide range of cold/warm temps; wide area in Central Europe and in US from Columbia to east coast |
|
|
Term
| Taiga/Boreal Forest/Northern Coniferous Forest |
|
Definition
| found in broad band from west coast of Canada to east Canada and Siberia; miles and miles of pine trees, which can live in any conditions; very cold: -100 celcius in the winter; largest biome: from northern US to Arctic circle; also called subarctic biome; most precip occurs as snow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treeless biome; so cold that no trees can live; small woody shrubs and grasses are all that can grow; encircles the north pole BUT NOT SOUTH; can have continuous sunlight for 24 hours a day, but it only thaws few cm of snow; oil found here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuoudly frozen ground; only very tiny plants can grow; very few species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Host and dry; dirt sand, and heat; ery few species; most species are nocturnal to avoid sun; ex: Sahara |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hot and dry, but not as extreme; ex: SW US in Arizona and New Mexico |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basically a cold desert; only a few miles; continent; no large animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| numbers are still abundant; likely to become endangered in forseeable future (10 yrs); must start spending money now to save species, otherwise it could become endangered |
|
|
Term
| Endangered Species-Causes |
|
Definition
| habitat destruction/fragmentation, commercial hunting, pest control, species introduction, pollution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a species' large habitat becomes many little more random habitats due to human intervention -> animals cannot live there anymore |
|
|
Term
| Habitat Destruction Examples |
|
Definition
IVORY BILLED WOODPECKER: habitat destroyed due to flooding of rivers for bass fishing; thought to be extinct but later found, now protected
CALIFORNIA CONDOR: lived in LA, got down to 6 in the wild; scientists collected, raised them in captivity, and will release into AZ instead of Cali |
|
|
Term
| Commercial Hunting Examples |
|
Definition
SNOWY EGRET: hunted for male feathers until feathers went out of style
WHOOPING CRANE: in Texas, first bird saved by citizens, lawmakers set aside preservation parks |
|
|
Term
| Commercial Hunting Examples in OTHER COUNTRIES |
|
Definition
RHINOS: horns made into dagger handles, medicine; 2 species: black and white but black is having more trouble; 3 species in Asia, 1 of which was thought to be extinct
ELEPHANTS: killed for ivory; poaching is very bad b/c there is a lot of money to be made and not as many rules
TIGERS: coats go for $100,000 at 5 per coat
GORILLA: 2 species in Africa, mountain gorilla most endangered; killed b/c they live on extinct volcanoes where ppl want to farm AND b/c some people use hands and feet as suveniers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CAROLINA PARAKEET: probs started when they began to dig holes in FL oranges; ppl convinced fed gov't to kill all of them and the gov't succeeded in that
RED WOLF: used to be all over southern US and were killed b/c they killed people; WashU biult wolf reasearch center, where they built red wolf pop |
|
|
Term
| Objectives of Endangered Species Preservation |
|
Definition
1. identify and categorize species that are endangered
2. provide these species with immediate legal protection aka LAWS
3. develop a plan for their recovery in terms of pop size |
|
|
Term
| Endangered Species Act of 1937 |
|
Definition
| nothing helped critters before it; still undergoing litigation about limitations (what can/cannot do); each state can have its own endangered species list FOR SPECIES THAT RESIDE IN STATE ONLY; fed gov't can determine who is threatened WORLDWIDE by forbidding im/exportation of goods from species; very if not most powerful conservation implement -> can supersede personal property rights; costs LOTS of money: must go through series of steps to designate species as endangered & must be litigated in court |
|
|
Term
| Fish and Wildlife Service in Dept. of Interior |
|
Definition
| responsible for endangered terrestrial and freshwater species |
|
|
Term
| National Marine Fisheries Service under Dept. of Commerce |
|
Definition
| responsible for marine/saltwater species |
|
|
Term
| Resposibilities for How to Preserve Species |
|
Definition
1. designate the endangered species
2. designate critical habitat for that species aka areas where endangered species lives and used to live
3. develop and implement a recovery plan aka what to do to get more species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EX SITU Care; Captive Propagation and Reintroduction into the Wild; Translocation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintaining the care of a speices outside its natural habitat in zoos, parks, aquariums, etc.; ship species around the world to get cross breeding; try to get enough to breed to put them back into the real world |
|
|
Term
| Captive Propagation and Reintroduction into the Wild |
|
Definition
| go out and grab wild animals and keep in captivity for short period of time during a breeding season; get them to breed; let enough out into the wild as fast as possible; reduced human interaction to keep as wild as possible; try avoid making a zoo to keep animals from becoming dependent on people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| go into wild location that has a healthy population and grab them and transport them to critical habitat where there are not as many and let them go; spread population around so populations grow; redistributing populations works well but costs lots of money due to expensive air freight |
|
|
Term
| Captive Propagation and Reintroduction Examples |
|
Definition
| California Condor, Black-footed Ferret, Whooping Crane, Arabian Oryx, Peregrine Falcon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Musk oxen; Russia had tons, Canada/Alaska did not have any; now we have them again in US and Arctic Circle |
|
|
Term
| Double Clutching/Recycling |
|
Definition
| biologists take eggs of birds, which makes the female mate again; depending on species, can do this 3 or 4 times; helps develop short term captive populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ecological communities can dramatically change after some disturbances; ex: flood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in areas that have no soil at all, barren of all life; development of soil through erosion and weathering away of rock; as organic things die in soil, other things will start to grow there; takes a lot of time b/c you have to build up soil to support life 10-20,000 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| old field succession; ex: farmer retires and leaves empty land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first species to come into the environment; will have to deal with very harsh conditions; ex: weeds -> used to harsh conditions so can take over an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the last community to live in an area; replaces itself over time; once achieved, it does not change; depends on location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reason why the types of animals change in a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of energy through an ecosystem; what eats what and how much energy is gained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic plants use it to survive; other organisms eat these organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carnivores or omnivores, ex: mouse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carnivore that eats carnivore/omnivore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1- producer; plants
2- herbivore; primary consumer
3- carnivore; secondary consumer
4- top carnivore; tertiary consumer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eat the waste or leftovers of all other animals; majority of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| much more realistic than pyramid; more complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10% of energy is passed on to next trophic level=very inefficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dry weather: a wet period followed by a dry period; source of ignition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause fires in western US; fire suppression efforts: Smokey the Brear brought in to stop forest fires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large scale disturbances; occur in central Africa, Southern Australia, and western US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common; burns litter and debri on top of the ground; low intensity fire; wont kill trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| burns in the tops of trees; common in coniferous forests; pine trees get really dry and produce flammable sap; will kill trees; trees have adapted to survive fires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very rare; most destructive; fire underground; kills the roots of all trees; changes chemistry of soil and climax community can never come back; burns for hundreds of years; ex: Canada and Siberia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bark; rapid growth of pine trees; fire cannot reach very tall redwoods; very quick resprouting (take advantage of nutrients); Jack pines and lodge pole pines retain unripe cones on them on top of branches and only open after fire has burned through tree, immediately reseedng area of fire (SEROTINY) |
|
|
