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Definition
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Definition
| when we use our senses or an extension of our senses (microscope, sound recorder, x-ray, thermometer, etc.) to record an event. |
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Definition
| a statement that provides a possible answer to a question or an explanation for an observation that can be tested |
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Definition
| allows scientists to construct a situation so that only one variable is present |
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| inductive reasoning (induction) |
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Definition
| the process of developing general principles from the examination of many sets of specific facts (specific-->general) |
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| deductive reasoning (deduction) |
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Definition
| the process of using general principles to predict the specific facts of a situation (general-->specific) |
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Definition
| a widely accepted, plausible, general statement about fundamental concepts in science that explain "why" things happen |
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Definition
| a uniform or constant fact of nature that describes "what" happens in nature |
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| how scientists communicate with one another |
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Definition
| scientific journals, etc. |
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Definition
| a deceptive practice that uses the appearance or language of science to convince, confuse, or mislead people into thinking that something has scientific validity |
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Term
| When can the scientific method only be applied? |
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Definition
| It can only be applied to questions that have factual bases. Ethical, moral, and religious concerns are not scientific endeavors. |
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Definition
| the ability to do work or cause things to move |
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Definition
| anything that has mass and takes up space |
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Definition
| the fundamental structural units of all living things; nonliving materials, such as rocks, water, and gases, do not have a cellular structure |
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Definition
| any living thing that is capable of functioning independently, whether it consists of a single cell or a complex group of interacting cells |
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Definition
| all of the chemical reactions involving molecules required for a cell to grow, reproduce and make repairs |
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Definition
| activities that result in an increase in the size of an organism--growth--or an increase in the number of individuals in a population--reproduction |
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Definition
| allow organisms to react to changes in their surroundings in a meaningful way |
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Definition
| an individual's ability to recognize that something in its surroundings has changed (a stimulus) and respond rapidly to it (ex. bad smell, loud noise, etc.) |
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Definition
| mechanisms that ensure an organism will carry out all metabolic activities in the proper sequence (coordination) and at the proper rate (regulation) |
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| molecules produced by organisms that are able to control the rate at which life's chemical reactions occur. |
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Definition
| involves altering the rate of processes |
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Definition
| the process of maintaining a constant internal environment |
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Definition
| the never-before-seen features that result from the interaction of simple components when they form much more complex substances |
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| steps of the scientific method |
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Definition
| OHEP (Only Hippos Eat Paper): Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Prediction |
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Definition
| a large hypothesis that has been tested many times and continually supported |
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| "if...then" statements derive from the hypothesis |
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Definition
| relies on successful methods of observation and demonstration of ideas (science is an empirical approach) |
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Definition
| the sites on fish where chemical reactions take place to produce bioluminescence |
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Term
| possibilities of bioluminescence (12) |
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Definition
| lure with an external light (lights all over the fish), startle, counter-illumination, misdirection:smokescreen, distractive body parts, burglar alarm, sacrificial tag, warning coloration, lure prey or attract host, stun or confuse prey, illuminate prey, mate attraction/recognition |
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Definition
| has a transparent head and its eyes (sacs in the head) can look either upward or forward |
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Definition
| uses bioluminescence to camouflage it; the bioluminescent bacteria may help us in the medical field to create pharmaceuticals; the military could use this concept and learn from it to create better camouflage |
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Definition
| contain a gene or genes that have been artificially inserted instead of the organism acquiring them from reproduction |
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Definition
| A gene whose phenotypic expression is easy to monitor; used to study promoter activity in different tissues or developmental stages. |
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Definition
| an assemblage of populations of different species interacting with one another in the same environment (ex: a fallen log; because plants, fungi, worms, and insects all interact with one another to form a community) |
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Definition
| a listing of the various species found in that community |
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Definition
| includes both species richness and species evenness, or the relative abundance of the different species |
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Definition
| a particular place where a species lives and reproduces |
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Definition
| the role a species plays in its community, including its habitat and its interactions with other organisms |
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Definition
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Definition
| competitors, parasites, and predators |
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Definition
| comprises of all the abiotic conditions under which a species could survive when adverse biotic conditions are absent |
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Term
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Definition
| comprises of those conditions under which a species does survive when adverse biotic interactions, such as competition and predation, are present |
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Term
| Which is larger: Fundamental niche or Realized niche? |
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Definition
| A species' fundamental niche tends to be larger than its realized niche |
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Term
| Competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
| states that no two species can indefinitely occupy the same niche at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases competition between two species, leading to increased niche specialization and less niche overlap (ex: owl and hawk populations; owls and hawks feed on similar prey (small rodents), but owls are nocturnal hunters and hawks are diurnal hunters. What could have been one niche became two more specialized niches because of divergence of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for characteristics to be more divergent when populations belong to the same community than then they are isolated |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when one living organism, called the predator, feeds on another, called the prey |
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Term
| Do predators reduce the population density of prey? |
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Definition
| Not only do predators reduce the population density of prey, but the population density of the predator can be affected by the prevalence of the prey. The predator-prey relationship is a two-way street. |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms that thwart the possibility of being eaten by a predator. Prey have evolved a variety of mechanisms that enable them to avoid predators, including heightened senses, speed, protective armor, protective spines or thorns, tails and appendages that break off, and chemical defenses. Also, prey use camouflage to avoid capture by a predator. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to blend into the background |
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Definition
| tells the predator that the prey is potentially dangerous |
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Definition
| occurs when one species resembles another that possesses an overt antipredator defense |
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Term
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Definition
| Paricitism, Symbiosis, commensalism |
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Term
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Definition
| is similar to predation in that an organism, called the parasite, derives nourishment from another, called the host. |
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Definition
| An association in which at least one species is dependent on the other |
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Definition
| a symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species is benefited, and the other is neither benefited nor harmed (often turns out to be an instance of either mutualism or parasitism) |
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Definition
| abundance of parasite increases, and abundance of host decreases |
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Definition
| abundance of one species increases, and the other is not affected |
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Definition
| abundance of both species increases (cleaning symbiosis: symbiotic relationship in which crustaceans, fish, and birds act as cleaners for a variety of vertebrate clients) |
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Definition
| present when two species adapt in response to selective pressure imposed by the other |
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Definition
| a change involving a series of species replacements in a community (primary succession occurs in areas where there is no soil formation, such as following a volcanic eruption or a glacial retreat; secondary succession occurs in areas where soil is present, as when a cultivated field, such as a cornfield in New Jersey, returns to a natural state) |
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Term
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Definition
| the first species to begin secondary succession |
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Term
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Definition
| F.E. Clements proposed that succession in a particular area will always lead to the same type of community (climax community) |
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Term
| facilitation model of succession |
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Definition
| each stage of the succession of a plot of land facilitated the invasion and replacement by organisms of the next stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| predicts that colonists hold onto their space and inhibit the growth of other plants until the colonists die or are damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| predicts that different types of plants can colonize an area at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| require only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients for their own use and for all the other members of a community (they are called producers) |
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Term
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Definition
| need a preformed source of organic nutrients as they acquire food from a different source; they are called consumers because they consume food that was generated by a producer |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on other animals; birds that feed on insects are carnivores, and so are hawks that feed on birds and small mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that feed on both plants and animals (ex: chickens, raccoons, humans) |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that feed on detritus, which is decomposing particles of organic matter (ex: marine fan worms filter detritus from the water; earthworms, some beetles, termites, and ants are all terrestrial detritivores) |
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Term
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Definition
| Perform a valuable service because they release inorganic substances that are taken up by plants once more. Otherwise, plants would be completely dependent only on physical processes, such as the release of minerals from rocks, to supply them with inorganic nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| begins when producers absorb solar energy; energy is lost through heat as it gets passed on from organism to organism (food chain/web) |
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Term
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Definition
| begins when producers take in inorganic nutrients from the physical environment |
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Term
| First and second laws of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| 1) energy can neither be created or destroyed; 2) with every transformation, some energy is degraded into a less available form such as heat |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram that describes trophic (feeding) relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram that shows a single path of energy flow in an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| a level of nourishment within a food web or chain |
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Term
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Definition
| the flow of energy with large losses between successive trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of organisms multiplied by the dry weight of the organic matter within one organism; the biomass of the producers is expected to be greater than the biomass of the herbivores, and that of the herbivores is expected to be greater than that of the carnivores |
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Term
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Definition
| a source normally unavailable to producers, such as the carbon present in calcium carbonate shells on ocean bottoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| source from which organisms do generally take chemicals, such as the atmosphere or soil |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of a substance that moves from one component of the environment to another within a specified period of time |
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Term
| The stages of the Water Cycle |
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Definition
| 1) evaporation 2) condensation 3) precipitation 4) percolation (water that sinks into the ground and saturates the earth to a certain level) |
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Term
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Definition
| the top of the saturation zone |
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Term
| Steps of The Carbon Cycle |
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Definition
| 1) carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO2 from respiration (plants and animals) 2) CO2 then recycles to plants by way of the atmosphere 3) Carbon dioxide from the air combines the water to produce bicarbonate ion (HCO3) 4) decomposition of organisms returns CO2 to the atmosphere |
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Term
| Steps of The Phosphorus Cycle |
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Definition
| 1) Phosphorus, trapped in oceanic sediments, moves onto land due to a geologic uplift. 2) on land, very slow weathering of rocks places phosphate ions in the soil. 3) Some of these ions become available to plants 4) Animals eat producers and incorporate some of the phosphate into their teeth, bones, shells, which take many years to decompose. 5) Decomposition makes phosphate available to producers once again |
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Term
| Steps of The Nitrogen Cycle |
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Definition
| 1) Nitrogen fixation occurs when nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium, a form plants can use. 2) Plants can also use nitrates as a source of nitrogen. The production of nitrates during then nitrogen cycle is called nitrification. 3) During the process of assimilation, plants take up NH4+ and NO3- from the soil and use these ions to produce proteins and nucleic acids. 4) Nitrogen-based fertilizers increase the nitrogen content in the soil. 5) Acid deposition occurs because nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide enter the atmosphere from the burning fossil fuels. Both of these gases combine with water vapor to form acids that eventually return to the earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the place where an organism lives |
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Term
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Definition
| all the organisms belonging to the same species within an area at the same time |
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Definition
| all the various populations of multiple species interacting at a locale |
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Term
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Definition
| encompasses the zones of the Earth's soil, water, and air where living organisms are found |
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Term
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Definition
| A transition zone between ecosystems which has the mixture of organisms from the adjacent ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
| the statistical study of a population, such as its density, its distribution, and its rate of growth, which is dependent on such factors as its mortality pattern and age distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| number of individuals per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of dispersal of individuals across an area of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental aspects that particularly determine where an organism lives |
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Term
| Three descriptions of patterns of distribution |
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Definition
| clumped, random, and uniform |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the members of a population born at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability of newborn individuals of a cohort surviving to particular ages |
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Term
| Type I survivorship curve |
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Definition
| individuals survive well past the midpoint of the life span, and death does not come until near the end of the life span (large mammals, humans in MDCs) |
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Term
| Type II survivorship curve |
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Definition
| survivorship decreases at a constant rate throughout the life span. (songbirds, small mammals, etc.) |
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Term
| Type III survivorship curve |
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Definition
| typical of a population in which most individuals die very young. (invertebrates, fish, humans in LDCs) |
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Term
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Definition
| prereproductive, reproductive, postreproductive |
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Term
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Definition
| the members of the population have only a single reproductive event in their lifetime. When the time for reproduction draws near, the mature adults cease to grow and expend all their energy in reproduction, and then die. (many insects, annual plants) |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of the population experience many reproductive events throughout their lifetime. (most vertebrates, shrubs, and trees) |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of individuals added each generation increases as the total number of females increases |
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Term
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Definition
| S-curved shape; has a carrying capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| the environmental carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a given species the environment can support. |
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Term
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Definition
| the intensity of the effect does not increase with increases in population density (abiotic factors such as droughts, freezes, hurricanes, floods, and forest fires) |
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Term
| density-dependent factors |
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Definition
| the percentage of the population affected does increase as the density of the population increases (biotic factors such as competition, predation, and parasitism) |
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Term
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Definition
| small individuals that mature early and have a short life span |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria, some fungi, many insects, rodents, and annual plants (such organisms are often very good dispersers and colonizers of new habitats) |
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Term
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Definition
| allocate energy to their own growth and survival and to the growth and survival of their offspring. (long lived plants, birds of prey, and large mammals) |
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Term
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Definition
| countries with low population growth and a good standard of living (North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia) |
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Term
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Definition
| countries where population growth is expanding rapidly and the majority of people live in poverty (Latin America, Africa, and Asia) |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of events of population growths (i.e. decreased death rate followed by decreased birth rate) |
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Definition
| If there are more young women entering the reproductive years than there are older women leaving them. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What factors change population size? |
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Definition
| Birth rate, death rate, immigration rate (coming into population), emigration rate (leaving population) |
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Term
| What factors change population growth rate? |
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Definition
| birth rate, immigration rate |
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Term
| What factors limit population growth? |
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Definition
| Abiotic (habitat, climate, etc.) and biotic (predation, competition, parasitism, etc.) factors |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively new discipline of biology that studies all aspects of biodiversity with the goal of conserving natural resources for this generation and all future generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| science of collecting, analyzing, and making readily available biological information |
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Term
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Definition
| the variety of life on earth; the number species among various group of organisms |
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Definition
| one that is in peril of immediate extinction throughout all or most of its range |
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Definition
| organisms that are likely to become endangered species in the foreseeable future |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to variations among the members of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| dependent on the interactions of a species at a particular locale |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a group of interacting ecosystems; within one landscape, for example, there may be plains, mountains, and rivers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ecosystems are characterized by energy flow and chemical cycling. The biodiversity within ecosystems contributes to the workings of the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other biogeochemical cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| medicinal value, agricultural value, consumptive use value, indirect value, biogeochemical cycles, waste disposal, provision of fresh water, prevention of soil erosion, regulation of climate, and ecotourism. |
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Term
| Biodiversity and Natural Ecosystems |
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Definition
| Massive changes in biodiversity, such as deforestation, have a significant impact on ecosystems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Habitat loss, exotic species, pollution, and overexploitation. |
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Term
| Humans have introduced exotic species into new ecosystems in the following ways: |
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Definition
| Colonization, horticulture and agriculture, and accidental transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| acid deposition, eutrophication, ozone depletion, organic chemicals, and global warming. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the number of individuals taken from a wild population is so great that the population becomes severely reduced in numbers. |
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Definition
| species that influence the variability of a community, although their numbers may not be excessively high. The extinction of a keystone species can lead to other extinctions and a loss of biodiversity. |
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Term
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Definition
| evoke strong emotional responses in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| a population subdivided into several small, isolated populations due to habitat fragmentatio. |
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Term
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Definition
| one that most likely lives in a favorable area, and its birthrate is most likely higher than its death rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| the environment is not as favorable and where the birthrate equals the deathrate at its best |
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Term
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Definition
| when preserving landscapes, it is necessary to consider the edge effect. An edge reduces the amount of habitat typical of an ecosystem because the edges around a patch have a habitat slightly different from the interior of the patch. |
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Term
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Definition
| new subdiscipline of conservation biology that seeks scientific ways to return ecosystems to their state prior to habitat degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an ecosystem to maintain itself while providing services to human beings |
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Term
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Definition
| 250 million people a year get malaria; 1 million people a year die from malaria; malaria cells attack the liver, where they replicate; the malaria cells hide inside red blood cells and then attack the body all at once; Quanine is one of the only antibiotics that kills the malaria cells; only 1 particular type of mosquito transfers malaria to humans (anopheles mosquito) |
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Term
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Definition
| lack natural predators; generalists in their diet and habitat; reproduce and grow quickly; develop and reach sexual maturity quickly; long life-spans; introduced by humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the "how" mechanisms that bring about the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| explore the evolutionary basis ("why?") of a behavior; that is, how the behavior promotes the animal's survival or reproductive success |
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Term
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Definition
| instinctive behavior patterns; an animal can perform innate behaviors at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| an instantaneous, automatic response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a movement toward or away from a stimulus; an earthworm, for example, tends to crawl toward the high humidity of moist soil |
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Term
| Fixed action pattern (FAP) |
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Definition
| a motor response that is initiated by an environmental stimulus and that continues to completion, even if the stimulus is withdrawn. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal alters its behaviors as an outcome of its experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when an animal learns not to respond to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal learns the relationship between two events |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a behavior is modified |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal learns to associate a behavior with its consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| a kind of rapid learning that occurs during a restricted time in an animal's life without obvious reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| animals watch what others do and imitate the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| some animals, especially many mammals and birds, have cognitive abilities that extend to reasoning, problem solving, tool use, and symbolic communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage of a bird song: consists of variable notes that sound little like the typical full song. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal uses distant objects as landmarks when finding its way |
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Term
| sun, star, or magnetic orientation |
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Definition
| some animals can orient themselves to the landscape by maintaining a constant angle to a celestial object, such as the sun; night migrants use the moon or star patterns in the night sky to maintain their heading during their nocturnal flights; many animals can detect magnetic fields |
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Term
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Definition
| navigation requires that an animal in unfamiliar terrain can understand its current position and make its way to a destination without using information that it collected on its way to its current position or relying on any stimulus that comes from the destination. Only a few animal species, including the homing pigeon, sea turtle, and spiny lobster, are known to use true navigation. |
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Term
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Definition
| searching for and collecting food |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects an improvement in a predator's ability to detect inconspicuous prey |
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Term
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Definition
| predicts that an animal's food-finding strategy should maximize the amount of energy (measured in calories) collected per unit time |
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Term
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Definition
| divert a predator's attention away from a nest or den |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals behaving selfishly trying to position themselves s that as many of their companions as possible are between them and the predator. In a school of fish, the result is an ever tightening group. |
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Term
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Definition
| interactions among members of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to understand social behavior in the context of an animal's fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| form of natural selection that results from variation in ability to obtain mates. sexual selection can result in sexual dimorphism, a situation in which the two sexes look very different |
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Term
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Definition
| general term that encompasses all forms of multiple mating, in which either males or females have multiple sexual partners. Polygyny is a form of polygamy in which one male has exclusive sexual access to more than one female. In polygynous animals, the male is not likely to help care for the young. |
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Term
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Definition
| manes that both male and female have one sex partner In monogamous species, both parents typically provide care for offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| social order with dominant and submissive members |
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Term
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Definition
| a space that an animal defends against intruders |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal's behavior that seems to lower its fitness for the good of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of direct and indirect fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual reduces its own direct fitness but assists the survival and reproduction of non-descendant relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals might help others at a cost to themselves if it is likely that they will be repaid at a later time |
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Term
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Definition
| social structure that includes division of labor, especially in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| attract mates, ward off predators |
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Term
| How would we measure fitness? |
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Definition
| number of offspring produced, survival rate of the offspring, number of eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| your own reproductive success (offspring) |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive success of your relatives |
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Term
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Definition
1) subsong (like babbling by babies; random sounds)
2) Plastic song (song structure begins to take shape; elements are beginning to be put in order)
3) Crystallized song (song for a particular species; repeatable) |
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Term
| 2 Periods in song learning: |
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Definition
1) Sensory: when an individual is taking in the sounds around him and listening to them
2) sensorimotor: practicing the song |
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Term
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Definition
| increases an individual's evolutionary fitness relative to other individuals in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| in some sexes, one sex (usually the female) consumes the other during sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
1) Be able to store information that pertains to development, structure, and metabolic activities of the cell or organism.
2) Be stable so that it can be replicated with high fidelity during cell division and be transmitted from generation to generation.
3) Be able to undergo rare changes called mutations that provide the genetic variability required for evolution to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base (A,C,T,G), a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) |
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Term
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Definition
1) The amount of A,T,G, and C in DNA varies from species to species.
2) In each species, the amount of A=T and the amount of G=C. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used x-ray diffraction to determine the structure of DNA. |
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Term
| James Watson and Francis H.C. Crick |
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Definition
| Discovered the molecular structure of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Double helix with sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and paired bases on the inside. The sugar-phosphate groups are antiparallel, meaning that the sugar-phosphate groups of each strand are oriented in opposite directions. |
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Term
| Complementary Base Pairing |
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Definition
| Means that a purine (A,G) is always bonded to a pyrimidine (T,C). The antiparallel arrangement of the two strands ensures that the bases are oriented properly so that they can interact. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of copying a DNA molecule. Following replication, there is usually an exact copy of the parental DNA double helix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most often a mold used to produce a shape complementary to itself. During DNA replication, each DNA strand of the parental double helix serves as a template for a new strand in a daughter molecule. |
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Term
| Semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| Each daughter DNA double helix contains an old strand from the parental DNA double helix and a new strand. |
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Term
| DNA replication requires the following steps |
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Definition
1) Unwinding: the old strands that make up the parental DNA molecule are unwound and "unzipped" (i.e. the weak hydrogen bonds between the paired bases are broken). A special enzyme called helicase unwinds the molecule.
2) Complementary Base Pairing: new complementary nucleotides, always present in the nucleus, are positioned by the process of complementary base pairing.
3) Joining: the complementary nucleotides join to form new strands. Each daughter DNA molecule contains an old strand and a new strand
Note: Steps 2 and 3 are carried out by an enzyme called DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase works in the test tube as well as in cells. |
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Term
| Prokaryotic DNA Replication |
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Definition
| Bacteria have a single circular loop of DNA that must be replicated before the cell divides. The process begins at the origin of replication, a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. |
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Term
| Eukaryotic DNA Replication |
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Definition
| In Eukaryotes, DNA replication begins at numerous origins of replication along the length of the chromosome, and the so called replication bubbles spread bidirectionally until they meet. There is a V shape wherever DNA is being replicated (replication fork). The linear chromosomes of eukaryotes also pose another problem--DNA polymerase is unable to replicate the ends of the chromosomes. Telomeres are not copied by DNA polymerase; rather, they are added by an enzyme called telomerase, which adds the repeats after the chromosome is replicated. In stem cells, this process preserves tehe ends of the chromosomes and prevents the loss of DNA after successive rounds of replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell of a prokaryote, i.e. an organism whose cell generally lacks a true nucleus. (ex. bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells of or derived from eukaryote characterized by having a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus. |
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Definition
| takes a message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| transfers amino acids to the ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| along with ribosomal proteins, makes up ribosomes, where polypeptides are synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA serves as a template for RNA formation. DNA is transcribed monomer by monomer into another type of polynucleotide (RNA). |
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Term
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Definition
| The mRNA transcript directs the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Like a translator who understands two languages, the cell changes a nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet, in mRNA that base-pair with the corresponding aniticodon of tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid, hence, specifying the type and sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each codon consists of three nucleotide bases, such as AUC. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defines the start of transcription, the direction of transcription, and the strand to be transcribed. The binding of DNA polymerase to the promoter is the initiation of transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stop sequence causes RNA polymerase to stop transcribing the DNA and to release the mRNA molecule, now called an mRNA transcript. |
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Term
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Definition
| A noncoding sequence of dna within a gene, that is transcribed into hnrna but is then cut out of the message by rna splicing in the nucleus, leaving a mature mrna that is then translated in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The protein-coding region in the DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in prokaryotes; are RNA molecules that possess catalyctic activity in the same manner as enzymes composed of protein. Following splicing, an mRNA is ready to leave the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of three bases that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon |
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Term
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Definition
| Coined by Francis Crick. He stated that the first two positions in a tRNA anticodon pair obey the A-U/G-C configuration. However, the third position can be variable. |
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Term
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
| Amino acid-activating enzyme. Attaches the correct amino acid to the correct tRNA molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA. As soon as the initial portion of the mRNA has been translated by one ribosome, and the ribosome has begun to move down the mRNA, another ribosome attaches to the mRNA. This entire complex is called a polyribosome and greatly increases the efficiency of translation. |
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Term
| Three steps of Translation: |
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Definition
1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that DNA tightly coils around to form chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA-histone complex, about 11nm in diameter; each nucleosome contains a 146-nucleotide-long stretch of DNA and eight histine molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the active chromatin containing genes that are being transcribed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) Nitrogenous bases (A,C,T,G)
2) Sugar (deoxyribose)
3) Hydrogen bonds
4) Phosphate
Note: Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate make up the backbone of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adds bases to the DNA molecule |
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Term
| 5' end of nucleotides begins with a _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3' end of nucleotides begins with a _______ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alternative forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| long strand of DNA associated with proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| contains two sets of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent |
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Term
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Definition
| the chromosomes that are the same for both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| determine whether a person is male (XY) or female (XX) |
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Term
| Homologous pair of chromosomes |
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Definition
| the chromosomes look alike and have the same sequence of genes in the same positions |
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Term
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Definition
| physical place on the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized form of cell division that occurs in diploid germ cells and gives rise to haploid cells, each containing just one set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| self-fertilization always produced offspring identical to the parent plant |
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Definition
| one that exerts its effects whenever it is present |
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Term
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Definition
| one whose effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present |
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Term
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Definition
| expresses the genetic makeup of an individual, and it is written as a pair of letters representing the alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| one that has two identical alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| has two different alleles for the gene (Yy) |
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Term
| wild-type allele, genotype, or phenotype |
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Definition
| the most common form or expression of a gene in a population |
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Term
| mutant allele, genotype, or phenotype |
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Definition
| a variant that arises when a gene undergoes a mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| ("Parental generation") It is the first set of individuals being mated |
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Term
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Definition
| first filial ("child") generation; is the offspring from the P generation |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring on the F1 plants |
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Term
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Definition
| mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same gene |
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Term
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Definition
| uses the genotypes of the parents to reveal which allele combinations the offspring may inherit |
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Term
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Definition
| mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual |
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Term
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Definition
| states that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes; that is, they "segregate," or move apart from each other, during gamete formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mating between two individuals that are each heterozygous for two genes |
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Term
| Law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| states that during gamete formation, the segregation of alleles for one gene does not influence the alleles for another gene (provided the genes are on separate chromosomes). That is, alleles for two different genes are randomly packaged into gametes with respect to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that the chance that two independent events will both occur (for example, an offspring inheriting specific alleles for two genes) equals the product of the individual chances that each event will occur. (The product rule can predict the chance of obtaining wrinkled, green seeds (rr yy) from dihybrid (Rr Yy) parents). |
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Term
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Definition
| carried on the same chromosome; they are therefore inherited together |
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Term
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Definition
| collections of genes that tend to be inherited together |
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Term
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Definition
| an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I. After crossing over, no two chromatids in a homologous pair of chromosomes are identical. |
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Term
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Definition
| retains the allele combination from each parent |
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Term
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Definition
| Whenever crossing over happens between two genes, some of the offspring inherit a recombinant chromatid with a mix of maternal (mother) and paternal (father) alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
| diagrams of gene order and spacing on chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the heterozygote has a third phenotype that is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes |
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Term
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Definition
| two different alleles are expressed together in the same phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| one gene has multiple effects on the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when one gene's product affects the expression of another gene (ex. male pattern baldness, a genetic condition, is associated with gradual hair loss, which hides the effects of the allele for a "widow's peak" hairline) |
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Term
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Definition
| there are very few y-linked disorders; most involve defects in sperm production |
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Term
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Definition
| most human sex-linked traits are therefore x-linked; that is, they are controlled by genes on the X chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell shuts off all but one X chromosome in each cell; this process happens early int he embryonic development of a mammal; x inactivation is directly observable because a turned off X chromosome absorbs a stain much more readily than an active X chromosome does. |
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Term
| Autosomal dominant disorder |
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Definition
| expressed in heterozygotes and therefore typically appears in every generation; because the allele is dominant and located on an autosome, one of both of the affected individual's parents must also have the disorder (unless the disease-causing allele arose by a new mutation) |
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Term
| Autosomal recessive disorder |
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Definition
| requires that a person receive the disease-causing allele from both parents; each parent must therefore have at least one copy of the allele, either because they are homozygous recessive and have the disease or because they are heterozygotes ("carriers"); if both parents are carriers, autosomal recessive conditions may seem to disappear in one generation, only to reappear in the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| depicts family relationships and phenotypes; useful for determining the mode of inheritance (square indicate males and circles denote females) |
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Term
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Definition
| most inherited traits are polygenic; that is, the phenotype reflects the activities of more than one gene (ex. male pattern baldness) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a stretch of DNA that codes for a specific product |
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Definition
| cells of the body (tissue cells, liver cells, spleen cells, red blood cells, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| give rise to gametes (haploid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Three types: insertion, deletion, and substitution. Can result in: amino acid substitution, silent mutation, premature stop, and a frame shift. |
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Term
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Definition
| anything in the environment that causes mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| carries oxygen in the circulatory system; made up of 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains; the "heme group" in a hemoglobin molecule is what carries oxygen (it contains iron on it) |
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Term
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Definition
1) replication
2) chromosomes line up in middle of cell
3)Once lined up, the chromosomes will split and go to either sides
4) 2 identical cells are created |
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Term
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Definition
1) Replication: the two homologous chromosomes synapse and then move to the center
2) The synapsed chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (crossing over happens here)
3) The synapsed chromosomes break apart and move to opposite sides of the cell
4) 4 new cells with 3 chromosomes in each are created |
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Term
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Definition
| joins together chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| caps off the ends of chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| causes embryos to develop as males (people can be SRY+ or -) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 chromatids make up a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| members of a single species occupying a particular area at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| studies the diversity in terms of allele differences |
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Term
| single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) |
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Definition
| DNA sequences in a species' genome that differ by a single nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| pertains to evolutionary changes within a population |
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Term
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Definition
| various alleles at all the gene loci in all individuals make up the gene pool of the population |
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Term
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Definition
States that an equilibrium of gene pool frequencies will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of a sexually reproducing population as long as five conditions are met:
1) no mutatins
2) no gene flow
3) random mating
4) no genetic drift
5) no selection |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a darkening of moths once industrialization has begun in a country |
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Term
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Definition
| permanent genetic changes; the raw material for evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when certain genotypes or phenotypes mate with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nonrandom mating that occurs when individuals tend to mate with those having the same phenotype with respect to a certain characteristic. |
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Term
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Definition
| also called gene migration; the movement of alleles between populations |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to changes in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance rather than selection by the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| When a species is subjected to near extinction because of a natural disaster or because of overhunting, overharvesting, ad habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of genetic drift in which rare alleles, or combinations of alleles, occur at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when an intermediate phenotype can improve the adaptation of the population to those aspects of the environment that remain constant. Extreme phenotypes are selected against, and the intermediate phenotype is favored. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the extreme phenotype is favored, and the distribution curve shifts in that direction |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to adaptive changes in males and females that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to produce surviving offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| have been done to determine if the benefit of access to mating is worth the cost of competition among males |
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Term
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Definition
| a higher-ranking animal has greater access to resources than a lower-ranking animal |
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Term
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Definition
| an area that is defended against competitors |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the type of defensive behavior needed to defend a territory (baboons travel within a home range, foraging for food each day and sleeping in trees at night) |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number or frequency, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to succeeding generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the heterozygote is favored over the two homozygotes; in this way, heterozygote advantage assists the maintenance of genetic, and therefore phenotypic, diversity in future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition that is due to an abnormal form of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Recessive allele for Sickle Cell Anemia is more prevalent in areas where malaria is also prevalent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recessive condition that causes lung infections and digestive difficulties. |
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Term
| What is necessary for a trait to be under natural selection? |
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Definition
1) It has to be inherited
2) The trait must cause differences in fitness
3) There has to be variation in the trait |
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