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Different Forms (interconvertible) - mechanical
- electrical
- heat
- chemical
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy is conserved. It can change from one form to antother but the total amount energy in the universe is constant. |
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A system where all forms of energy are taken into account. ΔE=0 [closed system] |
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Include living organisms. Energy escapes as heat. ΔE=Eproducts-Ereactants |
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When a reaction gives off heat (the bonds in the products have less energy than the bonds in the reactants) it is exothermic. ΔH=Hproducts - Hreactants For exothermic ΔH must be negative |
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Products have higher heat than the reactants (requires more heat to occur) +ΔH by definition |
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(S) A measure of randomness or disorder in a system. The greater the entropy the greater the disorder. |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
In a closed system ΔS the change in entropy is greater than or equal to 0 (the universe becomes more disordered with time). order cannot arise out of disorder without help.
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Definition
ΔG=ΔH-T(ΔS) T is absolute temperature. In a chemical reaction in livign organisms (temp and pressure constant), the free energy change is the change in enthalpy - a correction for the change in disorder of the system. |
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Definition
| ΔG<0 reaction can proceed spontaneously to form products from reactants. |
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| ΔG>0 will not occur spontaneously |
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| ΔG=0 the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. |
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| EA Spontaneous is not instananeous it requires activation energy the added energy needed for reactions to occur. |
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Definition
proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. They speed reactions by lowering EA Enzymes do not influence the direction of a reaction and do not change ΔG for a reaction. |
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Definition
| Speeds the rate of reaction without being permanently changed. |
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Definition
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| The part on an enzyme where the substrate binds and is converted to a product. Each one has a particular shape dictating what substrate can go in there and thus what reaction it is able to assist. |
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Definition
Convert an initial substrate to a final end product through a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions. There are intermediate products along the way to this final product. V--Ev -->W--Ew-->X--Ex-->Y--Ey-->Z Each E? is an enzyme V is the substrate, wxy are intermediate products and z is the final product. |
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Definition
A second site beyond the active site on an enzyme. The binding of a molecule at this site causes a change in the activity of the enzyme. |
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Definition
AKA feedback inhibition Usually the molecule that binds at the allosteric site is the end product of the reaction that the Active site plays a part in. Thus as the reaction progresses creating more end product it is more likely that one will bind to the allosteric site shutting down the reaction. |
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Definition
| These also restrict the ongoing reaction. In this case they bind at the active site competing with the substrates or intermediary products for the limited spots being used to progress the reaction. |
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| Noncompetitive Inhibitors |
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Definition
| These bind to other sites on the enzyme such as the allosteric site. |
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