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| : Any living entity that contains one or more cells |
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| The most basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. A membrane-bound structure capable of self-replicating |
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| The theory that all organisms are made of cells and that all cells come from preexisting cells. |
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| A member of the domain Bacteria or Archaea; a unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and containing relatively few organelles or cytoskeletal components |
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| A member of the domain Eukarya; an organism whose cells contain a nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles, and an extensive cytoskeleton. May be unicellular or multicellular. |
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| A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines individual hereditary characteristics. |
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| A complex of RNA and protein that catalyzes the formation of proteins using messenger RNA as a template (translation). Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was the first molecular sequence used to support the three taxonomic domains of life. |
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| a coherent group of tested general propositions that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena |
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| (1) The theory that all organisms on Earth are related by common ancestry and that they have changed over time, predominantly via natural selection. (2) Any change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time |
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| A group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area at the same time. |
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| Deliberate manipulation by humans, as in animal and plant breeding, of the genetic composition of a population by allowing only individuals with desirable traits to reproduce. |
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| The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits, often leading to a change in the genetic makeup of the population. A major mechanism of evolution. |
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| The ability of an individual to survive and produce viable offspring in a given environment relative to others of the same species. |
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| a heritable trait that increases the fitness of its bearer in a given environment |
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| A diagram depicting the genealogical relationships of all living organisms on Earth, with a single ancestral species at the base. |
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| A taxonomic category, based on similarities in basic cellular biochemistry, above the kingdom level. The three recognized domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. |
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| (1) Any prokaryotic unicellular organism that is genetically distinct from bacteria and often inhabiting extreme environmental conditions |
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| Prokaryotic organisms characterized by lack of a membrane-enclosed nucleus, predominantly unicellular |
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| The domain comprised of eukaryotes (organisms whose cells contain a nucleus) |
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| The evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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| The evolution of two or more distinct species from a single ancestral species |
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| a grouping on a phylogenetic tree that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. |
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| Core concepts in Biology: |
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| Evolution, Pathways and transformation of energy and matter, Information flow, exchange and storage, Structure and function, and Systems. |
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| A nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information of a cell. Generally occurs as two intertwined strands |
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| A macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers |
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| a virus that infects bacteria |
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| A class of nitrogen-containing, double-ringed bases (guanine, adenine) found in nucleotides |
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| A class of nitrogen-containing, single-ringed bases (cytosine, uracil, thymine) found in nucleotides |
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| A technique for determining the three-dimensional structure of large molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, by analysis of the diffraction patterns produced by X-rays beamed at crystals of the molecule. |
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| A macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers |
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| Chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotide residues in DNA. Forms when the phosphate group of one nucleotide condenses with the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide. |
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| Complementary base pairing |
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| The association between specific nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids stabilized by hydrogen bonding. Adenine pairs only with thymine (in DNA) and guanine pairs only with cytosine. |
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| Describing the opposite orientation of the strands in a DNA double helix with one strand running in the 5’ to 3’ direction and the other in the 3’ to 5’ direction. |
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| The secondary structure of DNA, consisting of two antiparallel DNA strands wound around each other. |
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| single strand of DNA copied to make a new strand |
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| Semiconservative replication: |
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| : the mechanism of replication used by cells to copy DNA. Results in each daughter DNA molecule containing one old strand and one new strand. |
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| The site on a chromosome at which DNA replication begins. |
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