Term
| What are the 7 characteristics of life? |
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Definition
1. order
2. response to stimuli
3. regulating internal environment
4. acquisition of materials, energy
5. reproduction and development
6. genetic inheritance
7. evolutionary adaptations |
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Term
| What is the definition of biology? |
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Definition
| the scientific study of life |
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Term
| What is the scientific method? |
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Definition
observation
hypothesis
testing
conclusion |
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Term
| What are the six elements essential to life? |
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Definition
CHONPS
Carbon – C
• Hydrogen – H
• Nitrogen – N
• Oxygen – O
• Phosphorus – P
• Sulfur – S |
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Term
| What are the 2 main parts of an atom? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are protons and neutrons and where are they located? |
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Definition
protons: positively charged particles in the nucleus
• neutrons: uncharged particles located in the nucleus |
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Term
| What is an electron cloud and where is it located? What is an electron? |
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Definition
electron cloud- area surrounding nucleus, where electrons are located
electrons: negatively charged particles in the electron shell |
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Term
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Definition
atoms of a single element that differ in their # of neutrons
• have same # of protons, but different atomic masses |
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Term
| What are low and high level radioactive isotopes? |
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Definition
low levels
– small amounts can be used as a tracer allowing physicians to ‘see’ inside of the body
• high levels
– will damage DNA, kill cells
– can be used to kill pathogens, treat disease (i.e. cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
– atoms react with other atoms to form molecules
– why do they react?
– the goal of an atom is to become as stable as possible
• an atom is most stable when its outermost electron shell is full |
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Term
| What is an ion? What is an ionic bond? |
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Definition
– atoms may gain or lose electrons to ensure a full outer shell
ion: an atom or molecule that has either lost or gained electrons
• losing an electron causes atom to become positive
• gaining an electron causes atom to become negative
– ions w/opposite charges attract and form bonds known as ionic bonds |
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Term
| What are covalent bonds? What does it mean when they are polar and nonpolar? |
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Definition
– atoms may share electrons so that each has a full outer shell: covalent bonding
– i.e. Hydrogen (H2)
nonpolar covalent bond: when the sharing of electrons between atoms is fairly equal
– polar covalent bond: unequal sharing of electrons
• results in one atom being slightly positive, other slightly negative |
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Term
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Definition
temporary bond that can occur between polar molecules (i.e. between water molecules)
• i.e. bond formed between hydrogen of one water molecule and oxygen of another water molecule |
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Term
| The 3 main levels of organizations are: |
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Definition
| cell, multicellular, biosphere |
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Term
| What are organic molecules? |
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Definition
| molecules made of hydrogen and/or other elements covalently bonded to carbon atoms |
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Term
| What kind of bonds does carbon create? |
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Definition
has unique bonding properties
– can share electrons with as many as 4 other atoms
• consequently, it can form several different shapes
– chains
– rings
– side branches |
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Term
| What are functional groups? |
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Definition
specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way
• i.e.: -OH
– hydroxyl group is hydrophilic and found in alcohol, sugar, and amino acids |
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Term
| What are polymers and momolymers? |
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Definition
polymers: macromolecules consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds
– i.e. carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
– monomers: small molecules that serve as the repeating units (building blocks) of polymers |
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Term
| What is the dehydration reaction and a hydrolysis reaction? |
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Definition
dehydration reaction: synthesizes polymers from monomers by removing water
– hydrolysis reaction: splits polymers into monomers by adding water |
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Term
| What are DNA and RNA? Give examples of DNA and RNA. |
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Definition
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
• “the” genetic material
• double stranded
– RNA: ribonucleic acid
• a copy of DNA used to make proteins
• single stranded
comprised of: sugar (ribose- RNA, deoxyribose- DNA) nitrogenous base phosphate |
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Term
| List – 5 nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA |
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Definition
– adenine, guanine
– cytosine, uracil (RNA only), thymine (DNA only) |
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Term
| What is the Human Genome Project? |
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Definition
determined we have 20-25K genes
– by looking at genes early in life, can determine future health problems
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Schizophrenia
– used to create specific treatments |
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Term
| What is Adenosine Tri-Phosphate? |
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Definition
similar to nucleic acid, but very different in function: *ATP = energy*
• comprised of:
– adenine
– ribose
– 3 phosphates |
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Term
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Definition
a cell is the basic unit of life
– all living things are made up of cells
– new cells arise only from preexisting cells |
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Term
| List and describe the two types of microscopes used in this class. |
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Definition
– compound light microscope
• multiple lenses increase magnifying power
– objective lens magnifies specimen’s image
– ocular lens magnifies the image into the eye
– electron microscope
• more magnification
– transmission electron microscope: passes electrons through specimen
– scanning electron microscope: collects and focuses electrons scattered by the specimen |
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Term
| Define prokaroytkic and eurokaroytkic. List the examples of each. |
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Definition
prokaryotic cells
– evolved first
– lack membrane-bound nucleus
– smaller than eukaryotic cells
– have single chromosome and thousands of ribosomes
– Archae and Bacteria
• 2 domains of prokaryotic cells
• different nucleic acid bases
• bacteria cause many diseases
• but also important in the environment for recycling nutrients
• eukaryotic cells
– Domain Eukarya: contains all eukaryotic cells
– have cytoskeleton: protein fibers that maintain cell shape
– have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| protein fibers that maintain cell shape |
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Term
| List the difference between plant and animal cells. |
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Definition
plant cells with:
• cell wall
• chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
• central vacuole |
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