Term
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Definition
The reciprocal selection pressures between two or more species as a consequence of their ecological interaction.
Ex: Ants and Aphids, Pollinators and flowers, Skunk Cabbage, wasps and orchids |
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Term
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Definition
Locally adapted with host
Ex: Snails populations in New Zealand. |
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Term
| Co-Evolved protective/predatory adaptions |
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Definition
Crypsis:(camoflauge)
Warning Coloration: (aposematic)
Bastian Mimicry:(harmless mimics harmful)
Mullerian Mimicry: (harmful mimics harmful) |
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Term
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Definition
| Unselfish behavior; biologically, a behavior reducing the fitness of the individual exhibiting the behavior but increasing the fitness of others. (individual selection (mutualism and reciprocal altruism) and kin selection.) |
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Term
| Problems with Group Selection/"good of the species" |
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Definition
| Group selection is unlikely because Selection works at the level of the individual. Those who survive and reproduce pass on their genes. Group selection is also subject to cheaters. A trait that allowed any individual to get more genes into the next generation would be passed on in preference to a trait underlying “sacrificial” behavior. (Recall from lecture the cartoon portraying the lemmings jumping into the ocean. The one who will pass on its genes was the lemming with the inner tube.)Also, evolution is not goal oriented. |
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Term
| Kin Selection/Hamilton's Rule |
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Definition
| Increasing the fitness of a relative enhances personal fitness because some genes in the relative are identical. Hamiltons rule is that Rb-c>0 where r= degree of relatedness, b=benefit, c=cost. It can explain the increase in gene frequency that is related to kin selection. |
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Term
| Helpful Behaviors that have arisen via Kin Selection |
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Definition
Alarm whistle when predator is approaching, helpers at nest (parents rear more offspring with helpers)
Kin selection in the courtship behavior of wild turkeys. Like a teenager helping her older sister prepare for prom night, a subordinate turkey may help his dominant brother put on an impressive team display that is only of direct benefit to the dominant member. |
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Term
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Definition
Organism acts in a way that temporarily reduce its individual fitness while increasing another individuals fitness in hopes that the act will be returned.
Ex: Vampire Bats: They feed each other by regurgitating blood (benefits to recipient high, cost to donor low; roost in relatively stable, long term groups)
Primates grooming
Primates grooming;
Conditions: Must be opportunity for repayment, the ability to recognize eachother, long lived animals, and live in relatively stable groups. |
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Term
| Conditions necessary for Fossilization |
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Definition
| Need quick cover- such as volcanic ash or quick under-water burial; Need to be buried in sedimentary rock, usually under water |
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Term
| Why aren't there many fossils? |
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Definition
| There are not more fossils because dead animals are usually eaten by scavengers and decomposers. And even when they do form they are subject to geological forces that pulverize them. |
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Term
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Definition
Stratigraphy
Index Fossils
Radiometric Dating
Half Life |
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Term
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Definition
| a method that places fossils in relative sequences. (placing things oldest to youngest) |
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Term
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Definition
| using distinctive markers. Matching rock strata in one location to comparable rocks in another exposed location you can build up an overlapping chronological sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes advantage of the natural transformation over time of an unstable elemental isotope to a more stable form or product. |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of time that must pass before half the atoms in the original sample transform into the product. Half lives help to use isotopes to measure very ancient events. |
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Term
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Definition
Fish/Tetrapod
bridges evolutionary gap between animals of land and sea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jaws thought to have evolved from gill arches |
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Term
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Definition
Dinosaurs with feathers
had some characteristics of birds and some of dinosaurs (transition of reptile to mammal) |
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Term
| Transitional changes in Reptile skull |
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Definition
jaw/ear structure
Some of the jaw bones of mammalian-like reptiles dissociated from the jaw, became much smaller and moved to the position of the ear where they function for hearing in mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
Evolved from land mammals (basilosaurus)
They evolved from a wolf like animal.
We have the evidence of the skull, and the inner ear bone as well as fossils of the basilosaurus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common, low-level but constant, a constant loss of species from a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Global, large more sudden loss involving a broad range of organisms. |
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Term
| What groups are more likely to survive extinction events? |
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Definition
A few, small, randomly scattered refuges offer protection from the destruction.
Generally with broad geographic ranges are more likely to survive these catastrophic events.
A group might have low levels of background extinction and be locally well adapted BUT
Survival is dependent on having some of your group members living in one of these refuges |
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Term
| What is the evidence for an impact event at the K-T boundary? |
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Definition
Spike in rock layers dated at that time, Shocked quartz & microtektites, 180 km diameter crater near Chicxulub (Yucatan). The impact increased particulates in the atmosphere. Acid rain, Global cooling, Wildfires, Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, Tidal Waves.
Decrease in productivity by plants due to cold and dark. Less plants = less food availability. More groups affected due to ecological interactions (as some species die off, other dependent species follow) |
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Term
| How is adaptive radiation related to mass extinction? How does this explain mammalian evolution? |
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Definition
| When there is a mass extinction, many new ecological niches open up. Mammals were able to fill the new niches which dinosaurs occupied and flourish with few predators and abundant resources. |
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Term
| What is the Holocene extinction event and what are some contributors? |
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Definition
| The widespread ongoing extinction of species since about 10,000 B.C. Factors are overhunting/fishing, elimination of habitat/fragmentation, direct toxicity, intro of new competitors/preditors and climate change. |
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Term
| House of Cards Exctinctions |
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Definition
As more species go extinct, it becomes more likely for ecosystems to collapse.
Recent example: Yellowstong. Whitebark pines being wiperd out by blister ruse and pine beetles. Beetles typically attacked lower altitude trees but moved up as temperatures warmed. Pine nuts eaten by birds, squirrels and grizzlies (especially late summer). |
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Term
| Earths Major History Events |
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Definition
Diversification of animal phyla (543 years ago),
Ivasion of land by plants (420 million)
Four-limbed vertebrates move onto the land (360 million years)
Dinosaurs and mammals evolve (225 million years)
Earliest fossil hominids (6 million) |
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Term
| Approximately how old is the earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately when was there a diversification of animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately how old are the earliest fossil hominids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Great Apes. We share enlarged brow ridges, elongated skulls, shortened canine teeth, and enlarged mammary glands. We are also similar in our DNA levels. We all share a common ancestor with chimpanzees. |
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Term
| Last Common Ancestor of Chimps and Humans |
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Definition
| Australopithecus 6 million years ago. Long arms ape like skull. Smaller brains and body (approx 4-4.5 ft tall) larger canines. |
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Term
| Did humans evolved from chimpanzees? |
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Definition
NO. We shared a common ancestor with them. Scientists believe this common ancestor existed
5 to 8 million years ago. Shortly thereafter, the species diverged into two separate lineages. One of these lineages ultimately evolved into gorillas and chimps, and the other evolved into early human ancestors called hominids. We share many of the same traits with them. (Such as grasping hands, nails, stereoscopic vision and brain size). We are very close in DNA to African Apes |
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Term
| Major trends in Hominid Evolution |
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Definition
| Smaller faces, walking upright, out of Africa |
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Term
| Australopithecines (and the significance of “Lucy” and the Laetoli footprints) |
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Definition
| Foot prints were found in fossilized ash and the tracks suggest that early hominids walked upright 3.5 million years ago. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller faces, brains 30% larger more than austalopitithecus |
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Term
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Definition
| out of Africa, larger brains and taller stature, more evidence for social and hunting cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| Ice age hunters w/ large rains. Shorter, stockier stature, larger face with prominent brow ridge, local communal groups, used tools and buried their dead. |
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Term
| What were the two main branches from Australopithecus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first group known to use tools? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was to migrate out of Africa? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which came first- big brains or bipedalism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some possible reasons for the evolution of bipedalism? |
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Definition
| Freed hands for manipulation, tool use, movement through larger range of habitats, climate change. |
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Term
| What are some possible reasons for the evolution of big brains? |
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Definition
| With the greater use of hands and tools the brains developed so they could do more. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adaptions arose at different points in our history. |
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Term
| the fate of Neandertals and their interaction with Homo sapiens |
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Definition
| Their diet was a lot more grains and plants and their immune systems could not handle our viruses. The last to survive were able to avoid direct competition with modern humans since the two populations exploited distinct territories during the cold period |
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Term
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Definition
Homo erectus (white arrows) originated in Africa but spread to parts of Eastern Asia, and perhaps into Europe. H. neanderthalensis apparently followed much the same migrations out of Africa as did H. sapiens after them.
Replacement of H. erectus
by H. sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Wright's F statistic often used to determine whether separate groups are actually subspecies. Usually F > 25 % (.25) may be considered subspecies. |
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Term
| Genetic Distance correlated with Geographical Distance |
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Definition
| Genetic analysis rejects idea of distinct evolutionary lineages or races. The overwhelming majority of genetic variation is found within populations, not between populations. |
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Term
| “racial” trait - skin color |
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Definition
visible variation between races greatly exaggerates overall genetic differences.
Protection: pigment protects from dangers of UV exposure
Vitamin D production: pigment blocks light needed to synthesize Vit D
Deeply melanized skin is adaptive under high UVB radiation, but maladaptive under conditions where UV is insufficient to synthesize vitamin D |
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Term
| Evolution in relatively modern humans |
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Definition
| The past 40,000 years has been a time of rapid evolutionary change. Humans have developed specialized areas of the brain and made modofications to the larynx. |
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Term
| Causes of change in Homo sapiens |
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Definition
| Human evolution is ongoing. Many of the changes are based on the differences in diet brought on by the advent of agriculture, cultural changes, and resisance to epidemic diseases. |
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Term
| What morphological adaptation allows for complex language in humans? |
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Definition
| Changes in specialized areas of the brain and modifications to the larynx (decending larynx later in life to prevent choking at younger ages) |
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Term
| What are some changes that have come about based on diet? |
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Definition
| Front teeth have less enamel. Lactase persistence more recent adaption in humans that evolved with cattle domestication. Wisdom teeth, third molars, smaller jaws, space in the mouth for teeth because of the development of stone tool technology and cooking. |
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Term
| Hygiene/Immune Hypothesis |
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Definition
| There is a link between increased hygiene and sanitation and higher rates of asthma, allergies and autoimmune disorders is known as the "hygiene hypothesis". Because we come in less contact with viruses and bacteria with higher sanitation rates, our bodies don’t build up immunities. |
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Term
| What is the evidence that fever is adaptive? |
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Definition
| Reason for reduced antibody response may be that the medicines prevented white blood cells (monocytes) from moving from blood to infection sites. Mutations arise. Some of them allow virus to survive. These are the mutations that get passed down. > ¾ of mutations in surviving lineages occurred in the regions of hemagglutinin recognized by our immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular parasites. They evolve depending on their hosts. Because viruses are adaptive over time they can build up antibodies to the fighter cells that are trying to kill them off. |
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Term
| Co-evolution of figs and their pollinators |
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Definition
Co-evolution of mutualism
Each organism benefits
Figs get high pollination rates and species specific pollen
Wasps get protection and nutrition for their developing offspring
Each species acting for selfish reasons; to increase its own fitness
High fidelity between fig species and its particular pollinator |
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Term
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Definition
Co-evolution of host and parasite
Host evolves defenses
Parasite evolves counter-adaptations to those defenses
Cost/benefits of virulence
Zombie parasites: alter behavior of the host to its own advantage |
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Term
| Adaptive radiation in Hawaiian Honeycreepers |
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Definition
1 founder species = 55+ species
Adaptive radiation to fill existing ecological niches
Largely based on food source: insects, nectar, seeds, fruit, etc.
Bill morphology particularly flexible; other birds didn’t evolve the same degree of diversity. |
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Term
| Temperature dependent sex-determination in reptiles |
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Definition
Environmental vs Genetic sex determination
Differential Fitness:
Each sex will have different fitnesses at different temperatures
These correlate with the temperatures that produce particular sexes |
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Term
| The evolution of color vision in primates |
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Definition
Evolved the ability to see Red wavelengths
Allows them to pick out ripe fruit against a foliage background
Also, young immature leaves vs mature leaves
Also potentially contributing: sexual selection
Old world primates = all trichromats, New world primates = all males dichromats, females are mix of di- and tri-chromats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sources of variation are independent assortment (independent assortment during meiosis), crossing over during meiosis (genetic material exchanged between chromosomes), sexual reproduction (sperm and eff unite to form unique combination of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation is random, selection is not. |
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Term
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Definition
Deletion- condons contain 3 bases and each encodes for an amino acid. (sickle cell anemia)
-Built in redundancy in genetic code means a mutation in the 3rd position can have no effect. Can lead to new alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
new genes, linkage patterns
Deletion: part of chromosome breaks off and is lost.
Translocation: part of chromosomes detaches and becomes attached to another.
Inversion: Part of a chromosome becomes switched around with another chromosome.
Polypoidy: whole sets of chromosomes are added or duplicated. Common in plants
Unequal crossing over: Chromosomes do NOT exchange equivalent portions of the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Having resistance is good for the species. Meaning they are stronger and able to be more successful. Some bacteria already have mutations that allow them to survive the poisons and reproduces. Cost of Resistance, a resistance trait comes at a cost. When environment being resisted is no longer present, the resistant organisms are out-competes by non-resistant ones. |
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Term
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Definition
Male to male competition. Dominance contests.
Satellite behaviors (intercept, sneakers): ex- steal sperm from inseminated females
Female mimicry (lure males away from females: bluegill sunfish),
Sperm Competition: mate guarding, plugs and displacement (remove/replace sperm. Hard “nut” so nothing else can get in.) Huge amounts of sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mate choice, females may choose mates based on: material benefits, territory, courtship display |
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Term
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Definition
| female is intrinsically attracted by a trait. Mutant male arises with more of this trait. Offspring inherit both mother’s preference (females) and traits (males). Happens until other factors limit the sexual selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| advertise good genes. Exaggerated male trait tied with health and nutritional status of mate. Less Parasites. Exaggerated male traits tied with offspring viability. |
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Term
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Definition
A new colony is started by a few members of the original pop.
Ex- Afrikaner population of Dutch settlers in S. Africa is descended mainly from a few colonists. Today, the pop has an unusually high frequency of the gene that causes Huntington’s disease because those original Dutch colonists just happened to carry that gene with unusually high frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
Population being separated by a physical barrier.
Dispersal event: some members of a population leave and start a new colony.
Vicariance: physical barrier (water, mountain, glacier) divides species range. |
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Term
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Definition
| The establishment of a species in different ecological niches within the normal cruising range of the individuals of the parental population. Isolated by differences in use of habitat, host switch event, seasonal timing, courtship, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Steps:
1. Physical Seperation between pops
2. Divergence in mating tactics of habitat use
3. Accumulation of differences
4. Reproductive isolation
5. So different have the separate populations become, that when the barrier disappears and they overlap again, the distinctive species have trouble interbreeding. |
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Term
| Prezygotic reproductive(before mating) isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
Seasonal and habitat isolation- potential mates do not meet.
Behavioral isolation- different species of crickets sing different songs
Mechanical isolation: mating attempted but cannot occur. |
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Term
| Postzygotic Isolating Methods |
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Definition
Fertilization occurs but development is not completed: abortion of embryos
Hybrids have reduced fitness
Hybrids survive but are sterile. |
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Term
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Definition
Organisms evolve similar adaptions because they occupy similar niches. We cannot assume that organisms with similar traits are similar because they share a close evolutionary relationship. They may look similar due to convergent evolution but not because they are closely related.
Ex: Fish antifreeze |
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