1) contents at the tip of the sperms head are released

2) the enzymes that diffuse away digest a path through the eggs jelly layer.

3) the actin polymerizes into microfilaments that that for the Acrosomal process. 

4) the plasma membrane of the sperm and the egg fuses. 

• Adenosine diphosphate
• phosphorylates to for ATP
• becomes ATP when 1 Phosphate group is added 
• generates ATP
• [image]

alpha helix

• polypeptide backbone is coiled into a spiral shape.
• secondary structure protein 
• stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms [image]

amino acid

• building blocks of proteins 
• 21 common types 
• a carbon atom is bonded to an amino and a carboxyl group [image]
• amino                     carboxyl 

ancestor 

animal

• part of the lineage Animalia
• organisms that posses complex large multicellular bodies
• are mobile
• eat other organisms 

anterior

the front end of an organism 

away from tail 

apical 

• side of a cell that faces the outside 
• only found on epithelial cells 

apical meristem

• located at the tip of each root and shoot
• extend the plant body outward in all direction, as cells size and number increases during differentiation

ATP

• has a high potential energy 
• major energy currency in cells 
• [image]

basolateral

• side of a cell facing the interior of an animal.
• occurs with all cells 

beta sheet

• segments of a peptide chain bend 180 degrees and fold in the same plane.
• [image]

bicoid

• gene that make 2 posterior ends 
• expressed by mothers not genes 
• mRNA

bilaterian

• an organism with bilateral symmetry
• has 3 embryonic tissue layers 
• contains the subgroups protostomes and deuterostomes

blastocoel

blastocyst

• forms after the egg cell finishes dividing 
• has a hollo space 
• contains an inner cell mass[image]

blastula

consists of a mass of blastomeres 

occurs after cleavage is complete 

C-terminus 

• the end of a polypeptide with a free carboxyl group 
• on the right-hand side of an amino acid 

calcium pump

capillarity

the movement of water up an narrow tube. 

due to surface tension, adhesion, cohesion 

carbohydrates

 includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides 

carboxyl group

part of an amino acid

acts as an acid

loses a proton forming coo-

catalyst

cell membrane 

• a layer of molecules that surounds a cell 
• made from a phospholipid bilayer 

cell-cell junctions

• composed of gap and tight junctions.
• binds adjacent cells together 
• occures only in animals 
• transfers information and nutrients between cells 

Gap-junctions 

• junctions that create channels between cells 
• allow water, ions and small molecules to move between adjacent cells. [image]

• attachments found in epithelial cells 
• act as rivets to hold cells together
• bind together cytoskeletons of adjacent cells 
• [image]

• water tight cell to cell attachments 
• common in cell used to line the stomach and intestines 
• [image]

cellulose

• used for structural support in cell walls of plants and algae
• a major component of cell walls in plants

central nervous system 

• the combination of the brain and spinal chord
• one function is to integrate information from many sensory neurons

channel

• pours in cells that selectively admit certain ions
• used to rapidly diffuse ions and large molecules between cells 
• uses passive transport

chemical potential energy

condensation reaction

• reactions who's bonds give off water
• also known as a dehydration reaction 

diffusion

cytosol

chitin

• a polysaccharide used to stiffen cell walls of fungi
• used in external skeletons of insects

chordate

 group of animals that poses a notochord

clade

concentration gradient

 the gradual difference in the concentration 

of solutes in a solution between two regions.

covalent bond

cortical granule 

• small vesicals filled with enzymes that are activated during furtilization 
• contained within organelles of an egg 
• synthesized in the golgi apparatus 

dorsal

ectoderm

echinoderm

endoplasmic reticulum 

endosperm

(inside seed)

Provides proteins, carbohydrates, fats and oils required for embryonic development. 

entropy

the amount of disorder in a group of molecules

symbolized by S 

epidermis

epithelium

exocytosis 

the vesical membrane and plasm membrane make contact and fuse.

the 2 sets of lipid bilayers rearrange to expose the interior of the vesicle 

the vesicle contents diffuse away into the space outside of the cell

Fick’s Law of diffusion  

the rate of diffusion of a gas depends on 5 parameters 

1) the souluability of teh gas in the aquiouse film lining the gas surface

2) the temperature

3) the surface area available for diffusion

4) the difference in partial pressures of a gas across the gas exchange surface. 

5) the thickness of the barrier to diffuse 

fungi

• one of 3 major lineages of large multicellular terrestrial eucaryotes. 
• absorb nutrition from other organisms  
• can completely digest lignin and cellulose 

gamete

reproductive cells 

involves mitosis cell division 

gastrulation

glycerol

3 carbon molecule 

attaches to 3 fatty acids to make fat 

[image]

glycogen

stored in the liver 

stores energy 

is a polymer of a glucose 

guard cells

surounds the stoma

close in order to limit water loss in plants. 

opens to allow co2 to diffuse 

hormone

• small molecules typically present in small concentrations 
• an information carrying molecule
• have a large impact on the activity of target cells  

HOX

• genes that are expressed in a distinctive pattern alonf the anterior-posterior axis.
• code for the transcription factors that trigger the production of segment specific structures   

hydrolysis

ion

Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase

sodium-potassium pump 

• Na⁺/K⁺ are the ions being transported 
• ATP says the adenocene diphosphate is used
• ase means that the molecule acts like an enzyme [image]

lumen 

megapascal (MPa)

meniscus

mesoderm    

motor neuron

• nerve cells that send signals to effector cells in glans or muscles.
• stimulates muscles to perform an action 

mRNA

messenger RNA 

N-terminus 

signals the start of an amino acid chain

is composed of an amino group 

starts on the left-hand side of a polypeptide 

negative feedback

when a product of a process inhibits its production

neural tube

• precursor of the brian and spinal chord 
• forms when constriction above and expansion bellow makes the sheet of cells fold upwards [image]

node

notochord

• runs the length of the anterior-posterior axis
• functions as a simple internal skeleton
• is transient in species with spines 

osmosis

• occurs only when a substance moves from a higher to a lower concentration gradient.
• can only happen when solutions are separated by a permeable membrane 

osmotic potential

oxytocin

occurs in most mammals 

Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 

peptide bond

results from a condensation reaction between animo acids amino and carboxyl group. 

phosphate group

phospholipid

• consists of a glycerol linked to 3 phosphate groups
• hydrophilic head
• hydro phobic tail [image]

plasmodesmata

in plants gaps n cells walls create direct connections between other cells.

at the connections the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the 2 cells are continuous 

polymer

polypeptide

proton pump

deuterostome

• means second-mouth
• the mouth forms first 
• includes mammals 

regulatory transcription factor

proteins that bind to enhansers, silencers, or promoter-proxima elements. 

the protein is used to regulate the activity of the subjects its bound to. 

ribozyme

complimentery RNA strands

saturated fatty acid

• hydrocarbon chains without double bonds 
• is saturated with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible 

sensory neuron

• used by sensory receptor cells to transmit the information it receives. 
• sends information to the brain and spine

shoot

• becomes the above ground portion of a plant 
• will use photosynthesis and reproduce 

signal transduction

solute

solute potential

• the tendency of water to move by osmosis 
• is defined by the solute concentration relative to pure water 
• high concentration equals low potential 

• a polymer of glucose 
• acts as a sugar storage product 
• non-soluble 
• used to manufacture sucrose 

stomata

• an opening in leaves surrounded by guard cell 
• allows for the flow of co2

substrate

symplast

in plant roots, a continuous pathway through which water can flow through the cytoplasm of adjacent

cells 

taxon

transcription

translation

tRNA

transfer RNA

has an anticodon on one end and an animo acid binding site on the other 

binds to mRNA during translation 

tryglyceride

an energy storage molecule 

contains 3 fatty acids [image]

turgor pressure

unsaturated fatty acid

ventral