Term
| during earths first three billion years the terrestrial surface was_____________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ever since plants came into land there is about _______________ living plant species |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name two ways that plants give life |
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Definition
| providing oxygen and food |
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Term
| land plants evoloved from ______________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| charophytes are algae that ___________ onto land |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name four characteristics of charaphytes |
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Definition
| multicellular, eukaryotes, photosynthetic, protists |
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Term
| land plants share _____________ key features with algae. 1)______________ complexes for cellular synthesis 2)peroxisome enzymes rid cell of___________ 3)structure of ______________ sperm/spores 4)same___________process |
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Definition
| 4 1) rose shaped 2)metabolic waste 3)flagellated 4)cytokinesis |
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|
Term
| what are 4 benefits of moving onto land |
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Definition
| unfiltered sunlight, few herbivores/pathogens,more CO2, nutrient rich soil |
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Term
| what is a challenge of moving onto land besides less water? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name four key traits that appeared in nearly all land plants? these traits were absent in algae relatives. |
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Definition
-alternation of generation
-walled spores produced sporangia
-multicellular gametangia
-apical meristems |
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Term
| name four things plants have to deter herbivores |
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Definition
-cocaine
-caffeine
-nicotine
-taxol |
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Term
| taxol is a chemotherapy agent that works by inhibiting _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| taxol is isolated from the bark of ____________, and can treat with many kind of___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the symbiotic association between ______and first plants without true roots helped roots obtain ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| haploid gametophyte produce haploid gametes by _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| fusion of gametes give rise to the _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| sporophyte produces ____________ spores by ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ spores produced in the sporangia |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the structure that forms and houses spores? are spores able to survive in diverse conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| female gametangia called __________, produces eggs and are the site of____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| male gametangia called___________ are the site of ___________ production and __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| plants sustain continual growth in their_____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| cells from______________ differentiate into various tissue, and are found in ____________ |
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Definition
apical meristems
root tips |
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Term
| multicellular embryo retained in tissue of ______________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| placental transfer cells provide embryo with _________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| name of waxy covering that minimizes water loss, and reduces pathogen entry |
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Definition
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Term
| secondary coumpounds not directly involved in what 3 activities? |
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Definition
growth
development
reproduction |
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Term
| what kind of plant tissue transports water and nutrients throughout the plant? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| moves water and nutrients up the plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| sugars move down the plant |
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Term
| what forms rings on trees |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| land plants can be informally grouped based on presence or absence of_____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| bryophytes are ____________ - vascular plants |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of plants make up 93% of plants |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what three phylum make up bryophyte plants |
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Definition
liverworts
hornworts
mossess |
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|
Term
| mosses absorb air through their _____________, mosses can be bioindicators of _____________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in all three bryophyte phylum, gametophytes are ____________ and ____________ then sporophyte |
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Definition
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|
Term
| are sporophytes typically present all the time when associated with bryophytes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______________ anchor gametophytes to substrate |
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Definition
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Term
| rhizoids have a ____________ like hold onto the ground |
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Definition
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|
Term
| rhizoids do not do ______________, and must absorb water through ____________ |
|
Definition
conduction
capillary action |
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|
Term
| water moves up _______________ threads of rhizoids and not through each one of them as it does through _____________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| during the bryophyte cycle spores develop into threadlike ____________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| haploid protonemia during bryophyte cycle produce buds that grow into__________________. Rhizoids anchor gametophyte to _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| bryophyte cycle: mature ____________ produce ______________ sperm in antherdia and an egg in each archegonium. |
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Definition
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Term
| bryophyte cycle: sperm swim through a film of ___________to reach and fertilize egg |
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Definition
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Term
| bryophyte cycle:bryophyte sporophytes grow out of _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| bryophyte cycle:sporophyte are small and dependent on _____________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bryophyte cycle:sporophyte consist what three things.which one discharges spores? |
|
Definition
foot
sekta
sporangium
sporangium |
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|
Term
| bryophytes grow_____________ the ground |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the height of gametophytes is constrained by lack of ______________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| name 4adaptations of seedless vascular plants |
|
Definition
vascular tissue
roots
leaves
sporophytes |
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Term
| for vascular tissue the increased height of xylem and ploem was an____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| roots anchor vascular plants to the ground and enables vascular plants to _____________ water and nutrinets from soil |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______________ in vascular plants allow for more photosynthesis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| increased surface area of plants through large leaves allow them to capture more ___________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sporophytes are modified leaves with ___________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| most seedless vascular plants are ___________. producing one type of spore that develops into a _________ gametophyte |
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Definition
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|
Term
| all seed plants are ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in heterosporus plants the spores produce ________ or __________gametophytes ____________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what gives rise to female gametophytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gives rise to male gametophytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in contrast to bryophytes sporophytes are _________________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| gametophytes are tiny plnats that grow _________ or _______________ the soil surface |
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Definition
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|
Term
| xylem carries ____________ toward the _________ of the plant |
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Definition
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|
Term
| vascular plants are categorized according to the presence of ___________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| seedless vascular plants that includes club mosses, spike mosses, and guillworts |
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Definition
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|
Term
| seedless vascular plants that includes ferns, herestails, and whisk ferns |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name 5 vascular plant adaptations |
|
Definition
seeds
ovules
pollen
reduced gametophyte
heterospy |
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|
Term
| a seed consists of an _____________ and ______________ surrounded by a ___________ |
|
Definition
embryo
nutrients
protective coat |
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|
Term
| seeds can remain dormant for __________ to _________, untill conditions are favorable for _____________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are two means of transporting seeds a long distance |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ovules of seed vascular plants consist of____________,____________, and one or more protective _____________ |
|
Definition
mega sporangium
megaspore
integments |
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|
Term
| pollen grains contain the male _____________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| within pollen grains sperm are inclosed in a _____________, pollen grain contains ____________ gametophyte |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containg ovules is defined as? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if pollen _______________, the plants form seeds |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of ____________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| spores are retained within the tissues of the parent ______________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what bears naked seeds typically in cones |
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Definition
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|
Term
| gymnosperms are____________ on leaves, and not incased by ____________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| list the 4 phyla of gymnosperms |
|
Definition
cycadophyta
gingkophyta
gnetophyta
coniferophyta |
|
|
Term
| cycadophytas are ____________, have large ___________ and ___________like leaves |
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Definition
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|
Term
| phylum ginkophyta consist of living species ____________. it has a high tolerance to ____________. |
|
Definition
ginkgo biloba
air pollution |
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|
Term
| what extract is believed to enhance memory, concentration, cognition in dementia patients, and schitzophrenia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two ecosystems that phylum gnetophta grow in? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the largest of the gymnosperm phyla. most conifers are _________ and can carry out ____________ year round |
|
Definition
phylum coniferphyta
evergreens
photosynthesis |
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|
Term
| leaf adaptation of needles minimized ______________ in conifers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the 3 key features of the gymnosperm life cycle |
|
Definition
-dominance of sporophyte generation
-development of seeds from fertilized ovules
-the transfer of sperm ovules by pollen |
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|
Term
| the pine tree is the ____________ and produces ____________ in male and female cones |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| small cones produce micro spores called __________. while the larger cones contain ____________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| angiosperms are ____________ plants with reproductive structures called ____________ and _____________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the most widespread and divers of plants |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| flowers are for ________________, fruit are for seed ____________ |
|
Definition
reproduction
distribuition |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 specialized types of leaves of a flower |
|
Definition
| sepals, petals, stamens, carpels |
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|
Term
| sepals ____________ the flower as it is developing. petals are brightly colored to attract ___________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| stamens produce _________ on their ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the flower produces the ovules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a carpel consists of an ___________ at the base, and a _______________ leading to the _________ where pollen is recieved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ovary at the base of the flower develops into _____________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| fruits typically consist of a mature _________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| fruits protect the ___________ and aid in its __________. mature fruits can be eitheir _____________ or ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the meaning of deceptive pollination. |
|
Definition
| flower resembles female insect |
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|
Term
| dicots are composed of __________ embryonic leaves, most __________ and _________ are dicots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monocots are _____________ embryonic leaves, and makes up what 4 kinds of plants |
|
Definition
one
grasses, lilies, palms, orchids |
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