Term
| ____ are fundamental building blocks of all matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the smallest unit of life is the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ move around for at least part of their life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organisms require ___ and ___ to maintain themselves, grow and reproduce. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is a process that maintains conditions in the internal environment within ranges that cells can tolerate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria, archaea, and eukarya are three ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA ___
a. contains instructions for building proteins
b. undergoes mutation
c. is transmitted from parent to offspring
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ is the transmission of DNA to offspring
a. reproduction
b. development
c. homeostasis
d. inheritance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the process by which organisms produce offspring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| science only addresses that which is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are the original source of variation in traits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a trait is ___ if it improves the organisms chances to survive and reproduce in an environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a control group is ___
a. a set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment
b. the standard against which experimental groups can be compared
c. the experiment that gives conclusive results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| statement of what a hypothesis leads you to expect to see |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs ar a higher organizational level in nature, not at levels below it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| differential survival and reproduction among individuals of a population that vary in details of shared traits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ___ is a molecule into which a radioisotope has been incorporated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an ion is an atom that has ___
a. the same number of electrons an protons
b. a different number of elecctrons and protons
c. both a and b |
|
Definition
| b. different # of electrons and protons. |
|
|
Term
| a ___ forms when atoms of two or more elementals bond covalently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the measuare of an atoms ability to pull electrons away from another atom is called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atoms share electrons UNequally in a ___ bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symbols for the elements are arranged according to ___ in the periodic table of elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
liquid water has
a. traceers
b. a profusion of hydrogen bonds
c. cohesion
d. resistance to increases in temperatures.
e. b through d.
f. all the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ___ substancce repels water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hydrogen ions are
a. indicated by pH
b. protons
c. dissolved in blood
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ___ is dissolved in a solvent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when dissolved in water, a ___ donates H+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a salt releases ions other than ___ in water. |
|
Definition
H+ - hydrogen ions
or OH- hydroxyl ions |
|
|
Term
| a ___ is a chemical partnership between a weak acid or base and its salt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| measure of molecular motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nmber of protons in a nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polar; readily dissolves in water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each carbon atom can share pairs of electrons with up to ___ other atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ is a simple sugar (monosaccharide)
a. glucose
b. sucrose
c. ribose
d. chitin
e. a and b
f. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unlike saturated fats, the fatty acid tails of unsaturated fats incorporate one or more ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F.
unlike saturated fats, all of the unsaturated fats are beneficial to health because their fatty acid tails bend and do not pack together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steroids are among the lipids with no ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is a class of molecules that encompass all of the other molecules listed.
a. triglycerides
b. fatty acids
c. waxes
d. steroids.
e. lipids.
f. phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ are to proteins as ___ are to nucleic acids
a. sugars, lipids
b. sugars, proteins
c. amino acids, hydrogen bonds
d. amino acids, nucleotides |
|
Definition
| d.amino acids, nucleotides |
|
|
Term
a denatured protein has lost its ___
a. hydrogen bonds
b. shape
c. function
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ consists of nucleotides
a. sugars.
b. DNA
c. RNA.
d. b adn c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ are the richest energy source in the body
a. sugars
b. proteins.
c. fats.
d. nucleic acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 strands of nucleotides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one or more sugar monomers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is the smallest unit of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F.
some protists are prokaryotes |
|
Definition
| false. all protist are eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| cell membranes consist mostly of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells ___
a. have no plasma membrane
b. have rna but not dna
c. have no nucleus
d. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organelles enclosed by membranes are typical features of ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main function of the endomembrane system is building and modifying ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ribosome subunits are built inside the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F.
the plasma membrane is the outermost component of all cells. explain. |
|
Definition
| f. t for animals, though cell walls can also be the outermost, for plants. |
|
|
Term
| enzymes contained in ___ break down worn out organelles, bacteria, and other particles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associates with ribosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assembles lipids, other tasks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cell membranes consist mainly of ___
a. carbohydrate bilayer and proteins
b. protein bilayer and phospholipids
c. lipid bilayer and proteins |
|
Definition
| c. lipid bilayer and proteins |
|
|
Term
in a lipid billayer, ___ of all the lipid molecules are sandwhiched between all the ___
a. hydrophilic tails, hydrophobic heads
b. hydrophilic heads, hydrophilic tails
c.hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads
d. hydrophobic heads, hydrophilic tails |
|
Definition
| c.hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads |
|
|
Term
| by the ___ model, cell membranes are flexible structures composed of a mixture of many different types of molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most membrane functions are carried out by the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
organelle membrans incorporate ___
a. transport proteins
b. adhesioni proteins
c. recognition proteins.
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ___ proteins are also receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diffusion is the movement of ions or molecule from a region where they are ___(more/less) concentrated to another where they are ___ (more/less) concentrated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name one molecule that can readily diffuse across a lipid bilayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
some sodium ions cross a cell membrane through transport proteins that first must be activated by an energy boost. this is an example of ___
a. passsive transport
b. active transsport
c. facilitated diffusion.
d. a and c. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
immerse a living cell into a hypotonic solution, and the water will tend to ___
a. move into the cell.
b. move out of the cell
c. show no net movement.
d. move in by endocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid pressure against a wall or cell membrane is called ___ |
|
Definition
| hydrostatic pressure (or turgor) |
|
|
Term
vessicles form by ___
a. endocytosis
b. exocytosis
c. phagocytosis
d. halitosis
e. a and c
f. a through c. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
put the following structures in order according to an axocytic trafficking pathway.
a. plasma membrane
b. golgi bodies
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. post-golgi vesicles |
|
Definition
d, b, c, a
post-golgi vesicles
golgi bodies
endoplasmic reticulum
plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| docks for signals and substances at cell surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| no energy boost required to move solutes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ is lifes primary source of energy
a. food
b. water
c. sunlight
d. ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
energy
a. cannot be created or destroyed
b. can change from one form to another
c. tends to disperse spontaneously
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Entropy (choose all that apply)
a. disperses
b. is a measure of disorder
c. always increases, overall
d. is energy |
|
Definition
b,c
b. is a measure of disorder
c. always increases, overall |
|
|
Term
if we liken a chemical reaction to an energy hill, then an ___ reaction is an uphill run.
a. endergonic
b. exergonic
c. ATP -assisted
d. both a and b. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
if we liken a chemical reacction to an energy hill, then activation energy is like ___
a. a burst of speed
b. a bunp at the hilltop
c. coasting downhill
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ are always changed by participating in a reaction (choose all that are correct)
a. Enzymes
b. Cofactors
c. Reactants
d. Intermediates |
|
Definition
c. Reactants
d. Intermediates |
|
|
Term
Enzymes ___
a. are proteins, except for a few RNAs
b. lower the activvation energy of a reaction
c. are changed by teh reaction they catalyze.
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
d. both a and b
a. are proteins, except for a few RNAs
b. lower the activvation energy of a reaction |
|
|
Term
which of the following statements is not correct?
a metabolic pathway ___
a. is a sequence of enzyne ediated reactions
b. may be biosynthetic or degradative
c. generates heat
d. can include an electron transfer chain
e. none of the above. |
|
Definition
e. none of the above.
(all true) |
|
|
Term
a molecule that donates electrons becomes ___ and the one that accepts electrons becomes ___
a. reduced, oxidized
b. reduced, reduced
c. oxidized, reduced
d. oxidized, oxidized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a free redical is an atom or molecule thata ___
a. carries no charge
b. has too many electrons
c. has an unpaired electron
d. has too few electrons |
|
Definition
| c. has an unpaired electron |
|
|
Term
an antioxidant is a molecule that ___
a. detoxifies free radicals
b. degrades toxins
c. balances charge
d. oxidizes free radicals |
|
Definition
| a. detoxifies free radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
place in descending order.
organ
biosphere
population
atom
multicelled organism
tissue
ecosystem
molecule
community
organ system
cell |
|
Definition
biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
multicelled organism
organ system
organ
tissue
cell
molecule
atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy cannot be created or destroyed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| usually unchanged by participating in a reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photosynthetic autotrophs use ___ from the air as a carbon source and ___ as their energy source |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide, light (sunlight) |
|
|
Term
chlorophyll a absorbs mainly violet and red light, and it reflects mainly ___ light
a. violet and red
b. green
c. yellow
d. blue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
light-dependant reactions in plants occur in the ___
a. thylakoid membrane
b. plasma membrane
c. stroma
d. cytoplasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in the light-dependant reactions ___
a. carbon dioxide is fixed
b. ATP forms
c. CO2 accepts electrons
d. sugars form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what accumulates inside teh thylakoid compartment during the light dependant reactions?
a. gllucose
b. RuBP
c. hydrogen Ions
d. CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when a photosystem absorbs light ___
a. sugar phosphates are produced
b. electrons are transferred to ATP
c. RuBP accepts elecctrons
d. light-dependant reactions begin |
|
Definition
| d. light-dependant reactions begin |
|
|
Term
light-independant reactions proceed in the ___
a. cytoplasm
b. plasma membrane
c. stroma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the Calvin-Benson cycle starts when ___
a. light is available
b. carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP
c. electrons leave photosystem II |
|
Definition
| b. carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP |
|
|
Term
what substance is not a part of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
a. ATP
b. NADPH
c. RuBP
d. PGAL
e. O2
f. CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a C3 plant absorbs a carbon radioisotope (as 14CCO2). In which stable, organic compound does the labeled carbon appear first? which compound forms first if a C4 plant absorbs the same carbon radioisotope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after noncyclic photophosphorylation evolved, its by-product, ___, accumulated and changed the atmosphere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a cat eats a bird, which ate a caterpillar that chewed on a weed. which organisms are autotrophs? heterotrophs? |
|
Definition
| weed is autotroph. the rest are heterotrophs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrons cycled back to photosystem I |
|
Definition
| ATP forms, NADPH does not |
|
|
Term
T or F.
unlike animals, which make many ATP by aerobic respiration, plants make all their ATP by photosynthesis. |
|
Definition
| F. plants also make ATP with aerobic respiration. |
|
|
Term
Glycolis starts and ends in the ___
a. nucleus
b. mitochondrium
c. plasma membrane
d. cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following metabolic pathways require molecular oxygen?
a. aerobic respiration
b. lactate fermentation
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. all the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which molecule does not form during glycolosis?
a. NADH
b. pyruvate
c. FADH2
d. ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in eukaryotes, aerobic respiration is completed in the ___
a. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
c. plasma membrane
d. cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following reaction pathways is not part of the second stage of aerobic respiration?
a. electron transfer phosphorylation
b. acetyl-CoA formation
c. Krebs cycle
d. glycolosis
e. a and d. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
after the Krebs cycle runs ___ time(s), one glucose molecule has been completely oxidized.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in the third stage of aerobic respiration, ___ is the final acceptor of electrons from glucose.
a. water
b. hydrogen
c. oxygen
d. NADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in alcoholic fermentation, ___ is the final acceptor of electrons stripped from glucose
a. oxygen
b. pyruvate
c. acetaldehyde
d. sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fermentations makes no more ATP beyond the small yield from glycolysis. the remaining reactions ___
a. regenerate FAD
b. regenerate NAD+
c. regenerate NADH
d. regenerate FADH2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
your body cells can use ___ as an alternative energy source when glucose is in short supply
a. fatty acids
b. glycerol
c. amino acids
d. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAD+ regenerated, little ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+ flows through ATP synthases |
|
Definition
| electron transfer phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Describe the three main types of chemical bonding. Give an example of each. |
|
Definition
the three main types of chemical bonding are: ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and hydrogen bonding.
Ionic bonding occurs because atoms lose or gain electrons as needed to fill their outer shell. The gain or loss of an electron changes the atom into an ion. Ions can stick together if their opposite charges attract. In figure 2.7 we see that table salt (NaCl) forms an ionic bond when the negatively charged chloride ion holds on to the positively charged sodium ion.
Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons. There is a single, double, and triple covalent bond, which occurs when multiple pairs of electrons are shared amongst two atoms. The easiest example of a single covalent bond is in water. In that example, one oxygen atom shares electrons with a hydrogen atom. It does this with two hydrogen atoms, so that oxygen atom has two separate single covalent bonds, one with each discreet hydrogen atom it is bonded with.
Hydrogen bonding is a weak bond that forms when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a negatively charged atom. The example of water can be used here again. Hydrogen bonding is what holds water molecules together, and provides cohesion, as describe on page 29. However, the text says on page 27 that hydrogen bonding is not technically a chemical bond, so I think that there are only two main chemical bonding types. |
|
|
Term
| Follow a glucose molecule through aerobic respiration. Include the location of each reaction, the product of each reaction, and the amount of ATP produced. Be sure to include all three stages of aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
The first stage of aerobic respiration begins with the glucose molecule entering the cell’s cytoplasm, which is where the glycolysis process takes place. This process converts the glucose into two pyruvates, and results with 2 net new ATP being formed.
The second stage of aerobic respiration begins in mitochondrion. When the newly created pyruvates enter the mitochondrion, they are converted to acetyl-CoA and then enter the Krebs cycle. The acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle leaves it in various forms, but the product that continues on to the final stage of aerobic respiration is NADH and FADH2. This stage produces 2 net new ATP, as well as some CO2.
The third and final stage of aerobic respiration is Electron Transfer Phosphorylation, and it occurs in the mitochondrion, just like the prior phase did. This stage accept the NADH and FADH2 from the previous step, and during this stage, 32 ATP are produced. The by-product of this stage is the ATP, as well as CO2 and H2O.
Throughout the three stage process, a total of 36 ATP are formed during the journey of the glucose molecule through the aerobic respiration process. |
|
|
Term
| If a female child of unaffected parents were affected by an X-linked recessive genetic syndrome, what chromosomal abnormality should a physician suspect? What test should be prescribed to verify the physician’s theory? |
|
Definition
| x-linked recessive genetic disorders are uncommon in females, since they have two copies of the X-chromosome, and the dominant one will assert itself. If the female child is afflicted by the abnormality, and not simply an asymptomatic carrier, then a clinician should look to the father as the progenitor of the abnormality. Since girls have two copies of the X-chromosome, it is technically possible that either parent passed the abnormality to the child. Even though the parents are unaffected, as the question states, they could still be carriers, or only mildly affected by the abnormality. A clinician could look for one of over 300 known disorders, such as hemophilia, color blindness, or muscular dystrophy. Were I that clinician, I would recommend that the patient undergo a karyotype test. That test can determine if the structure or number of the chromosome has changed (page 187). A clinician could also look the girl’s male siblings. If they exhibit symptoms of the known diseases, then the mother is the carrier, since the father cannot transfer his X-chromosome to a male child. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the processes involved in transcription and translation |
|
Definition
transcription and translation make up the gene expression process, which is the process that occurs when DNA is transcribed into mRNA, and then translated into a protein, which can be used to build a cell.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus of a cell, in the RNA polymerase. In this process, DNA enters the RNA polymerase at the location of the promoter in the DNA. From there, the DNA is unraveled slightly so that one helix of the DNA can be copied. The RNA polymerase joins free RNA nucleotides to the unzipped DNA so that it mirrors the DNA in an opposite and complimentary fashion. The RNA polymerase follows the length of the DNA strand until it reaches the end, and then releases both the DNA, and the newly created RNA strand which could be mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. mRNA cannot leave the nucleus until it has been modified, and fitted for transport into the cytoplasm.
Once the mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA have left the nucleus, and entered the cells cytoplasm, it can then begin the process of Translation. Translation is broken into three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation is initiated when a tRNA (carrying an amino acid) joins to the mRNA, along with a small ribosome subunit. This process continues as more tRNA joins along the mRNA, in sequence, and begins building polypeptide chains between the amino acids. This process is repeated, until a stop message is found in the mRNA. At this point the newly built chain detaches from the mRNA and then enters the pool of other proteins floating in the cytoplasm, or will head for the rough ER. |
|
|
Term
place in ascending order.
organ
biosphere
population
atom
multicelled organism
tissue
ecosystem
molecule
community
organ system
cell |
|
Definition
atom
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
multicelled organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The combining power of an element, esp. as measured by the number of hydrogen atoms it can displace or combine with. |
|
|
Term
| what are the four kingdoms under the eukarya domain? |
|
Definition
| protist, plant, fungi, animal |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main domains? |
|
Definition
| bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both protons and neutrons (isotopes - shown to the left) |
|
|
Term
| in the shell model (atoms), how many electrons can fit into each shell: 1,2,3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between atom and ion? |
|
Definition
atom has same # of electrons and protons, so no net charge.
ion has either gained or lost and electron, so it is either positively charged or negatively charged. |
|
|
Term
| what is the atomic number for the following: Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen = 1
Carbon = 6
Nitrogen = 7
Oxygen = 8 |
|
|
Term
| what is the valence of hydrogen? |
|
Definition
| hydrogen = 1, so 1 electron in first shell. that leaves ability to bind to one more hydrogen, so valence is 1. (H2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen = 8. 2 in first shell. 6 in second shell. 2 left over. so valence of 2 other hydrogen atoms. (H2O) |
|
|
Term
| why does salt (NaCl) dissolve in water? |
|
Definition
| since salt is ionically bonded, water breaks the bonds between the NA+ and the Cl-. It does this because the negatively charged oxygen atom of water pull on each Na+. the positively charged hydrogen atoms pull on each Cl-. the collective strength of many hydrogen bonds (water) pulls the ions apart,and keeps them dissolved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not attract, and even repels polar molecules, such as water. |
|
|
Term
| four classes of organic compounds |
|
Definition
| carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon is 6, so it has 2 in first shell, and 4 in second. that leaves 4 in second shell. so it can bond with 4 other hydrogen atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diffusion of water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration.
can result is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic. (iso is same levels on both sides of membrane) (hypo is less, hyper is more) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
A) small polar molecules
B) small nonpolar molecules
C) large polar molecules
D) large nonpolar molecules
E) large neutral molecules |
|
Definition
| b. small nonpolar molecules |
|
|
Term
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will:
A) expand.
B) burst.
C) shrink.
D) have no change in shape.
E) become a white blood cell. |
|
Definition
c) shrink (it will lose water)
it shrinks because water in the cell will follow its gradient and cross its membrane into the hypertonic side, thus shrinking it due to loss of water. |
|
|
Term
T or F
A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
If a cell is placed in an isotonic medium, there will be no net movement of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic medium will:
A) expand.
B) burst.
C) shrink.
D) have no change in shape.
E) become a white blood cell. |
|
Definition
| a. expand. the water in the hypotonic side of the gradient will flow into the cell, and expand it. |
|
|
Term
mitosis and cytoplasmic division function in ___
a. asexual reproduction of single celled eukaryotes
b. growth and tisssue repair ni multicelled species
c. gamete formation in prokaryotes
d. both a and d. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a duplicated chromosome has ___ chromatids.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the basic unit that structurally organizes a eukaryotic chromosome is the ___
a. higher order coiling
b. bipolar mitotic spindle
c. nucleosome
d. microfilament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the chromosome number is ___
a. the sum of alll chromosomes in a cell of a given type
b. the identifiable feature of each species
c. maintained by mitosis
d. all the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a somatic cell having two of each type of chromosome has a(n) ___ chromosome number
a. diploid
b. haploid
c. tetraploid
d. abnormal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
interphase is the part of the cell cycle when ___
a. a cell ceases to function
b. a cell forms its spindle apparatus
c. a cell grows and duplicates its DNA
d. mitosis proceeds. |
|
Definition
| c. a cell grows and duplicates its DNA |
|
|
Term
after mitosis, the chromosome number of the two new cells is ___ the parents cell.
a. the same as
b. one half of
c. rearranged compared to
d. doubled compared to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name each phase, in order: |
|
|
Term
only ___ is not a stage of mitosis
a. prophase
b. interphase
c. metaphase
d. anaphase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is a subset of the other two?
a. cancer
b. neoplasm
c. tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name one type of checkpoint gene product |
|
Definition
| kinase, growth factor, epidermal growth factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes start to condense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids move apart |
|
|
Term
meiosis and cytoplasmic division function in ___
a. asexual reproduction of single celled eukaryotes
b. growth and tissue repair
c. sexual reproduction
d. both b and c. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sexual reproduction requires
a. meiosis
b. fertilization
c. spore formation
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name for alternative forms of the same gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
generally, a pair of homologus chromosomes ___
a. carry the same gene
b. interact at meiosis
c. are the same length and shape
d. all the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sister chromatids are joined at the ___
a. kinetochore
b. spindle
c. centriole
d. centromere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
meiosis ___ the parental chromosome number
a. doubles
b. halves
c. maintains
d. mixes up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
meiosis ends with the formation of ___
a. two cells
b. two nuclei
c. four cells
d. four nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate during ___
a. prophase I
b. prophase II
c. anaphase I
d. anaphase II
e. both b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does meiosis contribute to variation in traits among offspring of sexual reproducers? |
|
Definition
| meiosis gives rise to nonparental combinations of alleles |
|
|
Term
| sister chromatids seperate in whihc phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all chromosomes in a given type of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different molecular forms of the same gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all chromosomes aligned at spindle equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maybe none between meiosis I,II |
|
|
Term
alleles are ___
a. different forms of the same genes
b. different phenotyes
c. self-fertilizing, true breeding homozygotes |
|
Definition
| a. different forms of the same genes |
|
|
Term
| a bell curve indicates ___ in a trait |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a heterozygote has a ___ for a trait being studied/
a. pair of identical alleles
b. pair of nonidentical alleles
c. haploid condition |
|
Definition
| b. pair of nonidentical alleles |
|
|
Term
the observable traits of an organism are its __
a. phenotype
b. sociobioloigy
c. genotype
d. pedigree |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
second generation offspring of a cross between parents who are homozygous for different alleles are the ___
a. F1 generation
b. F2 generation
c. hybrid generation
d. non of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
F1 offspring of the cross AA X aa are ___
a. all AA
b. all aa
c. all Aa
d. half AA and half aa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
second generation offspring of a cross between parents who are homozygous for different alleles are the F2 generation. Assuming complete dominance, the F2 generation will show a phenotypic ratio of ___
a. 3:1
b. 9:1
c. 1:2:1
d. 9:3:3:1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a testcross is a way to determine ___
a. phenotype
b. genotype
c. both a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
assuming complette dominance, crosses between two dihybrid F1 pea plants, which are offspring from a cross AABB x aabb, result in F2 phenotype ratios of ___
a. 1:2:1
b. 3:1
c. 1:1:1:1
d. 9:3:3:1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the probability of a crossover occuring between teo genes on the same chromosome ___
a. is unrelated to the distance between them
b. decreases with the distance between them
c. increases with the distance between them |
|
Definition
| c. increases with the distance between them |
|
|
Term
two genes that are close together on the same chromosome are ___
a. linked
b. identical alleles
c. homologus
d. autosomes
e. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the ___ of chromosomes in a cell are compared to construct karotypes
a. length and shape
b. centromere location
c. gene sequence
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
d. both a and b
a. length and shape
b. centromere location |
|
|
Term
the ___ determines sex in humans
a. x chromosome
b. Dll gene
c. SRY gene
d. both a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
if one parent is heterozygous for a dominant autosomal allele and the other parent does not carry the allele, a child of theirs has a ___ chance of being heterozygous
a. 25 percent
b. 50 percent
c. 75 percent
d. no chance. it will die |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
expansion mutations occur ___ within and between genes in human chromosomes
a. only rarely
b. frequently
c. not at all
d. only in multiples of three |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name one x-linked recessive disorder |
|
Definition
| hemophilia, color blindness, or muscular dystrophy, among others |
|
|
Term
| men are about 16 times more likely to be affected by red-green color blindness than women. why? |
|
Definition
| genes for red and green light receptors are located in the x chromosome. |
|
|
Term
T or F.
a son can inherit an x-linked recessive gene from his father. |
|
Definition
| F. males can only receive the Y gene from his father since boys are xy. the x comes from his mother. girls are xx. |
|
|
Term
a(n) ___ can alter chromosome inheritance
a. deletion
b. duplication
c. inversion
d. translocation
e. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nondisjunction may occur during ___
a. mitosis
b. meiosis
c. fertilization
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
d. both a and b
a. mitosis
b. meiosis |
|
|
Term
T or F.
body cells may inherit three or more of each type of chromosome characteristic of the speccies, a condition called polyploidy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the Karotype for Klinefelter syndrome is ___
a. XO
b. XXX
c. XXY
d. XYY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a recognized set of symptoms that characterise a specific disorder is a ___
a. syndrome
b. disease
c. pedigree |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a chromosome segment lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| segment of a chromosome moves to a nonhomologus chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number and defining features of an individuals metaphase chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gametes with the wrong chromosome number |
|
Definition
| nondisjunction during meiosis |
|
|
Term
| bacteriophages are viruses that infect ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which is not a nucleotidde base in DNA
a. adenine
b. guanine
c. uracil
d. thymine
e.cytosine
f. all are in dna |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the base pairing rules for DNA
a. A-G, T-C
b. A-C, T-G
c. A-U, C-G
d. A-T, G-C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
one species' DNA differs fromt he others in its ___
a. sugars
b. phosphate
c. base sequences
d. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when DNA replication begins, ___
a. the two DNA strands unwind from each other
b. the two strands condense for base transfers
c. the two DNA molecules bond
d. old strands move to find new ones |
|
Definition
| a. the two DNA strands unwind from each other |
|
|
Term
DNA replication requires ___
a. template DNA
b. free nucleotides
c. DNA polymerase
d. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to ___ (choose all that apply)
a. double stranded DNA
b. single stranded DNA
c. doubel stranded RNA
d. single stranded RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
shwo the complementary strand of DNA that forms on this template DNA fragment during replication:
5' - GGTTTCTTCAAGAGA - 3' |
|
Definition
| 3' - CCAAAGAAGTTCTCT - 5' |
|
|
Term
___ is an example of reproductive cloning:
a. somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
b. asexual reproduction
c. artificial embryo splitting
d. a and c
d. all the above |
|
Definition
d. a and c
a. somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
c. artificial embryo splitting |
|
|
Term
| injects DNA into bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrogen containing base, sugar, phosphate groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleotide base with 2 carbon rings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fills in gaps, seals breaks in a DNA strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleotide base with 1 carbon ring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a chromosome contains many genes that are transcribed into different ___
a. proteins
b. polypeptides
c. RNAs
d. both a ad b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a binding site for RNA polymerase is a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy that drives transcription is provided by ___ |
|
Definition
| high energy phosphate bonds of free nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| an RNA molecule is typically ___-stranded |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNAs form by ___; proteins form by ___.
a. replication, translation
b. transcription, translation
c. translation, transcription
d. replication, transcription |
|
Definition
| b. transcription, translation |
|
|
Term
___ remain in mRNA
a. introns
b. exons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many codons constitute the genetic code? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most codons specify a ___
a. protein
b. polypeptide
c. amino acid
d. mRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
anticodons pair with ___
a. mRNA codons
b. DNA codons
c. RNA anticodons
d. amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
energy that drives translation is provided by ___
a. ATP
b. GTP
c. UTP
d. a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name one cause of mutations |
|
Definition
| replication error, radiation, transposable elements, toxic chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| removed before translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the expression of a given gene depends on ___
a. the type of organism
b. environmental conditions
c. the type of cell
d. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
gene expression in cells of multicelled eukaryotes changes in response to ___
a. conditions outside the cell
b. master gene products
c. operation of operons
d. a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
binding of ___ to ___ in DNA can increase the rate of transcription of specific genes
a. activators, promotoers
b. activators, enhancers
c. repressors, operators
d. a and b |
|
Definition
d. a and b
a. activators, promotoers
b. activators, enhancers |
|
|
Term
| proteins that influence gene expression by binding to DNA are called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
polytene chromosomes form in cells that ___
a. have a lot of chromosomes
b. are making a lot of protein
c. are polyploid
d. b and c |
|
Definition
| b. are making a lot of protein |
|
|
Term
controls over eukaryotic gene expression guide ___
a. natural selection
b. nutrient availability
c. development
d. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
incontinentia pigmenti is a rare example of ___
a. autosomal dominant x-linked inheritance
b. uneven pigmentation in humans. |
|
Definition
| a. autosomal dominant x-linked inheritance |
|
|
Term
by the ABC model, ___
a. antecedents trigger behavior that has consequences
b. three master gene sets (A,B,C) control flower formation
c. gene A affects gene B, which affects gene C
d. both b and c |
|
Definition
| b. three master gene sets (A,B,C) control flower formation |
|
|
Term
during X-chromosome inactivation, ___
a. female cells shut down
b. RNA coats chromosomes
c. pigments form
d. a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a cell with a Barr body is ___
a. prokaryotic
b. a sex cell
c. from a female mammal
d. infected by a Barr virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
homeotic gene products ___
a. flank a bacterial operon
b. map out the overall body plan in embryos
c. control the formation of specific body parts. |
|
Definition
| c. control the formation of specific body parts. |
|
|
Term
knockout experiments ___ genes
a. delete
b. inactivate
c. express
d. either a or b |
|
Definition
d. either a or b
a. delete
b. inactivate |
|
|
Term
gene expression in prokarotic cells change in response to ___
a. activators, promoters
b. activators, enhancers
c. repressors, operators
d. both a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a promoter and a set of oeprators that control access to two or more prokaryotic genes is a(n) ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| guides flower development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a bindin site for repressor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
researchers can cut DNA molecules at specific sites by using ___
a. DNA polymerase
b. DNA probes
c. restriction enzymes
d. reverse transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ___ is a small circle of bacterial DNA that contains only a few genes and is seperate from bacterial chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
by reverse transcription, ___ is assembled on a(n) ___ template
a. mRNA, DNA
b. cDNA, mRNA
c. DNA, ribosome
d. protein, mRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
for each species, all ___ in the complete set of chromosomes is the ___
a. genomes, phenotype
b. DNA, genome
c. mRNA, start of cDNA
d. cDNA, start of mRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a set of cells that host various DNA fragments collectively representing an organisms entire set f genetic information is a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PCR can be used ___
a. to increase the number of specific DNA fragments
b. to make DNA fingerprints
c. in a DNA sequencing reaction
d. a and b |
|
Definition
d. a and b
a. to increase the number of specific DNA fragments
b. to make DNA fingerprints |
|
|
Term
fragments of DNA can be seperated by electrophoresis according to ___
a. sequence
b. length
c. species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA sequencing relies on ___
a. standard and labeled nucleotides
b. primers and DNA polymerase
c. electrophoresis
d. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following can be used to carry foreign DNA into host cells? (choose all that apply)
a. RNA
b. viruses
c. PCR
d. plasmids
e. lipid clusters
f. blasts of pellets
g. xenotranssplantation
h. DNA microarrays |
|
Definition
b. viruses
d. plasmids
e. lipid clusters
f. blasts of pellets |
|
|
Term
| a persons unique collection of short tandem repeats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in some gene transfers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| base pairing of DNA or DNA and RNA from different sources |
|
Definition
| nucleic acid hybridization |
|
|
Term
| selecting "desireable" traits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GMO (genetically modified organism) |
|
|
Term
| slows bacteriophage growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which cellular division process halves the number of chromosomes such that the gamete or sex cell formed contains one copy of each pair of chromosomes?
meaning, daughter cells contain half the genetic material of the mother. this is used in sexual reproduction. this process results in a genetically unique cell (or person) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the process that occurs where daughter cells contain identical genetic information as the mother? can be used in asexual reproduction. this process results in a clone of a cell (or person) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chromosomes are paired. how many pairs of chromoeomes do humans have? |
|
Definition
| 23, called homologus chromosomes. one of each pair coming from each parent. |
|
|
Term
| most of a ccells life is spent in which phase? this phase is where it increases its mass, and doubles the components in its cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
| interphase (there are three parts: g1, s, g2) |
|
|
Term
| which cells have half the chromosomes required to form a full genetic cell? |
|
Definition
| haploid (half cell). meiosis makes a normal cell into a haploid cell. |
|
|
Term
| when 2 haploid cells join, they for a ___ cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is a section of DNA that codes for a protein (or polypeptide) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are different forms of the same gene : for example height could have a ___ for tall, and one for short. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is where the sperm and egg come togethr to reestablish both pairs of chrmosomes. (haploid becomign diploid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A represents the ___ allele |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a represents the ___ allele |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in DNA, the A and G nucleic acids are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in DNA, the T and C nucleic acids are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is the name for proteins which regulate chemical reactions that take place in a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in RNA, this nucleic acid is the complement to adenine, not thymine. (which is not found in DNA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a triplet of a necleic acid (ATCG) is called a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name used to describe the involvement of many genes in a chromosomes alteration, such as monosomy, or trisomy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acids have a pH with a range of __ - __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bases have a pH with a range of __ - __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a change in number on the pH scale is a ___ fold increase in the number of H+ ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bases contribute this ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a barr body is found in females, and is an inactivated x chromosome.
in a normal female, you would expect to see 1 (xx),
males (xy) = 0.
xxx have 2,
x0 have 0.
xxy (kleinfelter) = 1.
(#of X -1) = barr bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells used in a karotpye test must be in what phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
