Term
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Definition
| The general process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of metabolic wastes from the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute concentration expressed as molarity. |
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Term
| Distinguish among isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hypoosmotic solutions. |
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Definition
Isoosmotic: Having the same or equal osmolarity. (Beginning in the loop of Henle.)
Hyperosmotic: Having a great osmolarity than another solution. (At the tip of the loop of Henle.)
Hypoosmotic: Having a lesser osmolarity than another solution. (At the end of the loop of Henle.) |
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Term
| Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers. |
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Definition
Osmoregulators: Animals which regulate their osmolarity.
Osmoconformers: Animals which do not regulate their osmolarity. (Mostly invertebrates in marine environments.) |
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Term
| Define stenohaline and euryhaline. |
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Definition
Stenohaline: An animal which can only survive slight fluctuations in external osmolarity.
Euryhaline: Animals which can survive large fluctuations. Can include both osmoregulators and osmoconformers. |
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Term
| Describe anhydrobiosis as an adaptation that helps tardigrades and nematodes to survive periods of dehydration. |
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Definition
Anhydrobiosis is the completely reversable dehydration of live organisms. This dehydration can last long periods of time.
[image] |
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Term
| Describe some adaptations that reduce water loss in land animals. |
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Definition
1. Body coverings: Cuticle, shell, or dead skin.
2. Drinking/ Eating moist food.
3. Metabolically produce water. |
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Term
| Explain why osmoregulation has an energy cost. Describe some of the factors that affect this cost. |
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Definition
| Osmoregulators use active transport in order to maintain the chemical gradient. The amount of energy used depends on the gradient between internal and external surroundings. Energy cost can be minimized by a body fluid composition adapted to the salinity of the animal's habitat. |
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Term
| Explain the role of transport epithelia in osmoregulation and excretion. |
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Definition
| The transport epithelia allows salts and other wastes to move from the blood vessels to the secretory tubules. |
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Term
| Describe the production and elimination of ammonia. Explain why ammonia excretion is most common in aquatic species. |
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Definition
Ammonia is a very toxic so animals that excrete ammonia need access to lots of water to dilute it. Therefore, ammonia is common in aquatic species.
[image] |
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Term
| Compare strategies to eliminate waste as ammonia, urea, or uric acid. |
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Definition
Ammonia: Excess water needed to dilute it, very toxic.
Urea: Less toxic, less water lost, and able to be stored/transported in the body.
Uric Acid: Relatively non-toxic, doesn't readily dissolve in water so it can be excreted as a semi-solid waste. |
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Term
| Describe the key steps in the process of urine production. |
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Definition
1. Filtration: Non-selective, Forces out small particles.
2. Selective Reabsorption: Reabsorbs what the body needs.
3. Secretion: Adjustment
4. Excretion: Urine leaves the body. |
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Term
| Explain how the metanephridial excretory tubule of annelids functions. Compare the structure to the protonephridial system. |
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Definition
Metanephridial Excretory Tubule:
1. Internal opening.
2. Collecting tubule.
3. Bladder.
4. External opening.
Protonephridial System:
Flame bulb cell on the ends of the tubules have cilia and a cap cell. Interstitial fluid filters through membrane where cap cell and tubule all interlock. |
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Term
| Describe the malpighian tubule excretory system of insects. |
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Definition
| Salt, water, and nitrogenous wastes leave through the malpighian tubules. Hemolymph also filters through the tubules. Feces and urine leave through the rectum where there is reabsorption of water ions and valuable organic molecules. |
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Term
| Using a diagram, identify and state the function of each structure in the mammalian excretory systems. |
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Definition
[image]
Kidney
A & B: Renal artery and vein.
C: Ureter
D: Renal medulla
E: Renal pelvis
F: Renal cortex
Nephron
1. Ascending Limb
2. Descending Limb
3. Vasa Recta
4. Proximal Tubule
5. Glomerulus
6. Distal Tubule |
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Term
| Distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. |
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Definition
The Loop of Henle in Cortical Nephrons only extends into the Renal Cortex.
The Loop of Henle in Juxtamedullary Nephrons extends into the Renal Medulla.
[image] |
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Term
| Explain how the loop of Henle enhances water conservation by the kidney by functioning as a countercurrent multiplier system. |
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Definition
As the loop of Henle extends deeper into the medulla, the salt gradient increases, so water leaves the tubule and reenters the kidney. However, as the loop comes back up, salt leaves the tubule to balance with the lower gradient.
[image] |
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Term
| Describe the effect of ADH. |
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Definition
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) is released from the pituitary gland when there is an increase in blood osmolarity. The ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct which causes water reabsorption to help prevent any further osmolarity increase until the osmolarity of the blood returns to homeostasis.
This is an example of negative feedback. |
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Term
| Explain how the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldostrone System works. |
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Definition
When the JGA (Juxtaglomerular Apparatus) detects low blood pressure/ volume, the JGA releases renin. Along with the Angiotensinogen from the liver, they form Angiotensin I. ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) converts the Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II which causes arteriole constriction to increase blood pressure/ volume, it also causes the adrenal gland to produce Aldosterone which causes increased sodium and water reabsorption in distal tubules until the proper (homeostatic) blood pressure/volume.
Example of negative feedback. |
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Term
| Explain the components of a skeletal muscle cell. |
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Definition
Myofibrils: Longitudinal Fibers
Myofilaments: Thick and thin filaments
Thick filaments: Staggered arrays of myosin molecules.
Thin filaments: 2 actin strands and 2 regulatory proteins wrapped together.
Sarcomere: Basic contractile unit.
Z Lines: The boundaries between sarcomeres.
M Lines: The center of every sarcomere.
[image] |
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Term
| Explain the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction. |
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Definition
1. When the myosin head is bound to ATP and is in its low energy configuration.
2. The myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate and is in it's high energy configuration.
3. The myosin head binds to the actin, forming a cross-bridge.
4. Releasing ADP and inorganic phosphate myosin returns to its low-energy configuration, sliding the thin filament.
5. Binding of a new ATP molecule releases the myosin head from the actin and a new cycle begins.
[image] |
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Term
| Explain how muscle contraction is controlled. |
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Definition
| Tropomyosin wraps around the actin filaments, covering the myosin-binding sites. The tropomyosin contains troponin complexes. When calcium (released and reabsorbed by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum) binds to the complexes, the tropomyosin moves and uncovers the myosin-binding sites on the actin. |
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Term
| Distinguish between oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers. |
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Definition
1. Slow Oxidatvie:
Aerobic Respiration, Slow contraction speed, Lots of mitochondria, More capillaries, Lots of Myoglobin, Red, Little SR for slow calcium uptake.
2. Fast Oxidative:
Aerobic Respiration, Intermediate contraction speed, Lots of Mitochondria, More capillaries, Lots of Myoglobin, Red, Intermediate SR.
3. Fast Glycolytic:
Anaerobic Respiration, Fast contraction speed, Fewer mitochondria, Less capillaries, Little/no Myoglobin, White, Lots of calcium for quick uptake. |
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