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Definition
| A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. |
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Definition
| The evolutionary history of a species or group of species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. |
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Term
| List the domains and current kingdoms of life. |
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Definition
Domains: Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria
Kingdoms of Eukaryotes: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista |
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| Describe how horizontal gene transfer has contributed to the tree of life. |
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Definition
| Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusions of organisms. Endosymbiosis can be a cause of horizontal gene transfer. |
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| Describe the main characters shared by all animals. |
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Definition
| Senses, hox genes, all the basic characteristics of life, cytoskeletons. |
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| Describe the role of Hox Genes in animal development. |
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Definition
| Hox Genes play important roles in the development of animal embryos, controlling the expression of dozens or even hundreds of other genes that influence animal morphology. |
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| Describe the evidence of animal life in the Neoproterozoic Era. |
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Definition
| There are fossils of Ediacaran Biota. |
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| What are the two main types of animal symmetry? |
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Definition
Radial: Round, always symmetric.
Bilateral: 2-sided
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| What are the 3 embryonic germ layers? |
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Definition
Ectoderm: Outermost germ later.
Mesoderm: Middle germ layer.
Endoderm: Innermost germ layer.
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Term
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Definition
An organism whose mouth develops from the blastopore.
Pro- First, Stom-Mouth
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Term
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Definition
An organism whose anus develops from the blastopore.
Echinoderms and Chordates are all deuterostomes.
Deuter- Second, Stom-Mouth
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Term
| How does animal symmetry match an organism's way of life? |
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Definition
| Most radial animals tend to be sedentary or drifters, and bilateral animals are directionally mobile. |
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Term
| Explain the functions of a body cavity. |
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Definition
1. The fluid inside the body cavity cushions organs.
2. Enables organs to move independently from the outer body wall. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of body cavities? |
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Definition
Acoelomate: No body cavity.
Pseudocoelomate: Body cavity formed from the mesoderm and the endoderm.
Coelomate: Body cavity formed from only the mesoderm.
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Term
| What are the 2 types of embryonic growth and which type of cleavage is associated with each? |
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Definition
Determinate: Cleavage rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. Associated with spiral cleavage.
Indeterminate: Each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. Associated with radial cleavage.
Indeterminate growth allows for identical twins to form. |
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Term
| What sets sponges apart form other animals? |
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Definition
They are basal animals thsat lack true tissues.
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Term
| What is the significance of the choanocyte cells sponges possess? |
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Definition
| Choanocytes are similar to choanoflagellates suggesting that animals evolved from a choanoflagellate-like ancestor. |
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Term
| What are the characters of the eumetazoa? |
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Definition
All contain true tissues, unlike the porifera.
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Term
| What the 2 body forms of the Cnidaria? |
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Definition
Polyp: Cylindrical form that adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of their body and extend their tentacles.
Medusa: Flattened out, mouth down version of the polyp. It moves freely in the water by a combination of passive drifting and contractions of its bell shaped body.
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Term
| What is a cnidocyte and how does it function? |
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Definition
Cnidocyte: Cells unique to cnidarians that function in defense and prey capture. They contain cnidae, capsule-like organelles that are capable of exploding outward when triggered.
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Term
| What groups of animals that we have discussed are included in the group Lophotrochozoa? |
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Definition
Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, and Annelida.
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)? |
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Definition
1. Acoelomates
2. Protonephridia: Networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside.
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Term
| What are some characters molluscs share? |
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Definition
Visceral Mass: Covered by mantle.
Muscular Foot
Radula: Rasp-like feeding organ |
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Term
| What are some examples of molluscs? |
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Definition
| Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squid. |
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Term
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Definition
A segmented worm.
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Term
| What are some advantages to the annelid's segmentation? |
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Definition
| Independent segment movement allows for a wider variety of movement than non-segmented worms, and segmented worms can regenerate from a partial body. |
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Term
| What groups of animals are included in the group ecdysozoa? |
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Definition
Nematoda and Arthropoda.
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Term
| What is the common character all ecdysozoa share? |
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Definition
They shed their tough external coat known as a cuticle.
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Term
| What is the common name of the group Nematoda? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Nematodes? |
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Definition
| Pseudocoelomates, non-segmented body. |
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Term
| What physical features make arthropods so sucessful? |
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Definition
Segmented bodies, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
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Term
| What are some groups of animals included within the arthropods? |
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Definition
| Crustaceans, Arachnids, Centipedes, Millipedes, Insects, Barnacles |
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Term
| What are some common characteristics of Deuterostomes? |
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Definition
Radial cleavage, anus forms from blastopore, bilaterian or modified radial symmetry.
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Term
| Which two phyla belong to the group deuterostomes? |
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Definition
Echinodermata, and Chordata
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Term
| What are some examples of echinodermata? |
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Definition
Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, feather stars, and sea daisies.
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Term
| What key features do echinoderms have? |
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Definition
Water Vascular System: Network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions(tube feet) that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
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Term
| What groups of animals are included in the chordata? |
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Definition
1. Lanclets
2. Tunicates
3. Hagfishes
4. Vertebrates
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Term
| List and define the 4 key innovations that distinguish the chordate. |
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Definition
1. Notochord: Longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve chord. Consistes of large, fluid-filled cells encased in fibrous, fairly stiff tissue.
2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord: Developed from a plate of the ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord.
3. Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts: A series of pouches separated by grooves alongside the pharynx. Mostly develops into slits allowing water to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract.
4. Muscular Post-Anal Tail
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Term
| What animal is an example of Cephalochordata? |
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Definition
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| What is an example of a Urochordate? |
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Definition
Tunicates or Sea-squirts
(only exhibit chordate characteristics in their larval form)
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Term
| Explain what lanclets suggest about the evolution of the chordate brain. |
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Definition
| The vertebrate brain is an elaboration of an ancestral structure similar to the lanclet's simple nerve cord tip. |
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Term
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Definition
An organism with a skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs.
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Term
| What is a unique feature of Craniates? |
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Definition
Neural Crest Cells: Collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo.
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Term
| What is another name for the group Myxini? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some common characteristics of the Myxini? |
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Definition
Cartilage skull, jawless, no vertebrae, segmented muscles; small brain, ears, and nasal opening; mouths contain tooth-like formations.
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Term
| Are the Myxini considered vertebrates? |
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Definition
| They are not vertebrates because they merely retian thier notochord as a strong flexible rod of cartilage, they do not have vertebrae. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of vertebrates that were not seen in other species? |
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Definition
More extensive skull, backbone composed of vertebrae.
The first group of vertebrates were the Petromyzontida or Lampreys.
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Term
| What phyla of animals are incuded in the gnathostomes? |
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Definition
| Any animal phyla which arose after and including the chondrichthyes. |
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Term
| What groups of animals are included in the chrondrichthyes? |
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Definition
Sharks, rays, and their relatives.
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Term
| What is the shared, derived character which characterize gnathostomes and began in the chondrichthyes? |
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Definition
Jaws.
Chondrichthyes also have skeletons composed primarily of cartilage, not bone. |
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Term
| What phyla of animals are included in the group Osteichyans? |
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Definition
Everything after and including the Actinopterygii.
The actinopterygii are different from the chrondrichthyes because they have an ossified (bony) skeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate.
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Term
| What are the two phyla of animals which first evolved lobe-fins, and some characteristics of each? |
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Definition
Actinistia and Dipnoi.
The Actinistia are coelocanths, they have lobe-fins with skeletal extensions and extensive muscles (more like limbs).
The Dipnoi are lungfish, they are lobe-finned with lungs and gills. The used thier lobed fins to walk along the bottom of the body of water.
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Term
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Definition
Animals with limbs. Literally translates to "four feet" in greek.
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Term
| What adaptations did tetrapods need for their transition to land? |
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Definition
Limbs, skeleton for support, and a neck.
Avoiding desiccation- Can't dry out or lose body fluid.
No gill slits, ears and other glands replaced them.
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Term
| What was the first phyla of tetrapods to evolve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 living classes of Amphibia? |
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Definition
Urodela- Salamanders
Anura- Frogs
Apoda- Caecilians
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Term
| What are characteristics of the types of Amphibia? |
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Definition
Urodela- Side to side bending of body, paedomorphosis
Anura- Powerful legs, long sticky tongue, secrete mucus/ poison
Apoda- Legless, nearly blind
All amphibians are found in damp habitats, rely on moist skin for gas exchange, have external fertilization, shell-less eggs, and complex social behavior. |
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Term
| Describe the amniotic egg and explain its significance in the evolution of reptiles and mammals. |
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Definition
The amniotic egg contains the amnion which protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity which cushions against mechanical shock and prevents desiccation.
This is important in the evolution of reptiles and mammals because it allows them to finally separate from the water completely.
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Term
| Explain why the reptile clade includes birds? |
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Definition
They evolved from the big lizards (aka dinosaurs). Thay have an amniotic egg, but no hair or milk, so they cannot be considered mammals.
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Term
| Explain why non-bird reptiles should be called ectotherms instead of cold-blooded. |
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Definition
| The should not be referred to as cold-blooded because their blood is warm, but it is not heated by the body. Their blood is heated by external means, which gives rise to the name ectotherm. |
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Term
| What modifications do birds have which makes them capable of flight? |
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Definition
Wings, feathers, hollow bones, no bladder, only one ovary/teste, keel muscle attatchment, one way breathing.
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Term
| Describe the derived traits which are characteristic of mammals. |
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Definition
Mammals have hair/ fur, specialized teeth and produce milk.
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Term
| Differentiate between the 3 Mammalian lineages. |
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Definition
1. Prototheria: Egg-layers
No nipples or placenta. Ex. Duck-billed Platypus.
2. Metatheria: Marsupials
Poorly developed placenta, shortened gestation, embryo not fully developed at birth. Ex. Koala.
3. Eutheria: True placenta
Placental mammals, fully developed offspring at birth. Ex. Humans.
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