needs moist to live

h2o, surface tension

can also impede expansion as well as hold shape

oil, detergent like

dec. surface tension to help expand

at 7mnth gestation, developed

now artif. to help pre-bes before lost of o2

gradient like h2o

Plung<Patm=inhale

Plung>Patm=exhale

inc. in volume

pressure greater outside the lungs

dec. in volume

pressure greater in lungs

skeletal muscle

relax=expire

contract=inspire

via elastic recall

used in quiet breathing

pull ribs apart=inspire

pull together=expire

between ribs

quiet

inpr. active with diaph

expir. passive with elastic recall

forced

insp. with active with diap and intercostal

expir. with active all

destroy walls bettwen alveoli

dec. SA

dec elastic tissue

so hard to breathe out

500ml

quiet breathing

with elastic tissue

expire-1000ml

inspire-2-3L

1L

in bron tree and elastic tissue

760mmHg, 3/4 yard

O2=21%

CO2=<1%

N2=about 79%

pressure contributed by a sing;e gas in a mixture of gases

O2=21%=160mm

CO2=<1%=0.23mm

N2=80%=600mm

@lungs

Blood  alvelear

PO2  <   PO2

PCO2   > PCO2

@tissue

blood    tissue

PO2  > PO2

PCO2   <  PCO2

@restO2 0.3ml/100ml plasma

250 ml a minute

out of 5L in total blood a minute

so hemoglobin helps out

carries O2 release when needed

CO2 + H2O= H+ +HCO3-

carbon anhydrase                   bicarbonate

@tissue--bicarbonate

@pulminary---make CO2

HB+O2=HBO2+H+

Exchange the H+ from lungs and tissueso PH in blood in stable

brainstem

Respirtory center

inspir                                  expire

diaph/inter                             intercostal

stretch recp

in lung

-      inflate     +

+       deflate    -

chemorecptors

in NS

CNS

brainstem

CSF--- Pco2, Ph

Pco2 inc. Po2 dec. Ph dec.

Pco2 dec. Po2 inc. Ph inc.

PNS

aorta, carotid arteries brain

blood---Pco2, po2, ph

ventilation

inc. (rate/depth)

dec (rate/depth)

ingest----secration--absobtion---excretaion

mechanical---macro with eyes

chemical--micro

entire system

mucosa

muscularis exteria

mucus

folds inc. SA

vasculature to get nutrients into blood

smooth muscle

no striaitons--- no sacrameres-no dimmer in ap

pulls in all directons

greater contractions, slower

via inc Ca2+ in cell

motor neuron (via ANS)

hormones

pacesetter cells scattered around

gap junctions

tough, connective tissure, sheets

anchored to stablize

short, push, relax

coordinated waves on contractions

mechanical digestion

salivary glands---1-1.5 L a day

saliva--h2o and lysozyme(antimicro)--osmosis

salivary amylase

protein breaks down starch(chemical)

mix of muscles

skeletal-swallow

smooth-peristalis

flap closed when swallow so cant breathe

7-9 secs till in stomach

prevent acid upturn

caffeine, alcohol,chocolate can cause acid reflex or heart burn

reserve storage 1-1.5L

mechanical-churning

chemical

HCL(ph 1.5-2) kill bacteria

pepsinogen(inact)---(active)pepsin breaks down protein

mucus- basic so protects

all creates gastrc juice + food + churning= acid chyme

erosion of GI tract lining

small hole in wall

10% have it

H. Pylori like low Phbacter 40% have it 80% with ulcers

aspirin inhibit mucus

antacid-basic

milk-basic

cephalic

gastric

intestinal