modified musle cells

always depolarized

fire own AP

bunch of nodial cells

AP spreads thru Atria via Gap Junctions

First to contract

Atrioventricular Node (AV)

Ventricle is made of Purknje Fibers

Fires Second

SA

Delay for valve to shut fully

AV

When @ work

+ stretch receptors in right Atria wall

--> AP-->CNS-->+SymNS--> incr. HR

Venous Valve 1 way

Flat closed/closed

Flex closed/open

pooling of blood moves up--exercising

flat all the time--faint via gravity

is the inc./dec. in venous return and the reaction

Para- vagus- ach- hyperpol SA- IPSP

ACH--> K+efflux--> -mv 

Sym-- cardiac- nor/e- depole node- inc. AP- inc. SV

Nor/E --> Na+ influx --> +mv

ml of filled ventricle

avg. about 70 ml

HR avg about 70bpm or 5 liters 

Prolongs Nor/E effects

similar to Nor/E

inhibits Phosphodiesterase--> doesnt destroy cAMP quickly

too little BP, too little O2, too much CO2

--> Medulla Ob (hindbrain) 

-->CAC

-->Sym. NS

--> Cardiac Nerve

->> inc. HR

Too much BP, too much O2, too little CO2

-->medulla

-->CIC

-->PSNS

-->vagus nerve

->>dec. HR

Right Atrium (pum)

Right Ventricle (pum)

Artery (pum)

Arterioles (pum)

Capillaries (pum)

---exchange of CO2 to O2----

venules

veins (pum)

L. Atrium

L. Ventricle

Aorta

Atrery

Arterioles

capillaries

-->> cells site of exchange--

venules

veins

vena cava (superior/inferior)

go to heart

not stretchy

thin walls

--> BP drops to 11mmHg

in mmHg (mmof mercury)

concentration gradient from A to B

Vasucular Resistance- friction within walls

Viscosity- resists itself (EPO) with large amouts of HEMOCRIT

Turbulance- blockage, not straight flow/ makes noise

top # of BP

contraction of LV

bottom # of BP

release of LV

of Aorta to soften flow of Blood

2nd sound, dup

1 cell thick

14% of Blood Volume

too small to see

RBC single file

permeable

stretchy

--> fluids, nurtients, gases, AA

has fenestrations to squeeze

--> H2O, AA, Ions, hormones, Glucose

OSMOSIS depends of presence of solutes

---BP out---

O2 in cell

---Colliod Osmostic Pressure COP in--- 

CO2 out of cell

*filter 24 L/day

*reabsorb 20.4 L/day

Lymphatic Sys. 3.6 day

smooth muscles in arteries and artvioles

sphincters in capillaries

AUTONOMIC!!!

a cells

B cells

when Blood glucose is low

+a cells

release glucagon

liver

E mobilization

---feeds back to a cells (-)

when blood glucose if high

+B cells

release insulin

uptake/storage time!

tells it to:

adipose

muscle

liver

---- feeds back to B cells (-)

fenestration get them in the cell

NT carried thru Blood

specific stimuli (release)

specific target tissues and effects

NEEDS PROPER RECEPTORS

feedback-- homeostasis

coordination of more than 1 tissue

Hormones

(Types)

AA dervi- AMINES

Nor/ E

Peptide (short strings of AA)

Insulin, Glucagon, GH

Lipid dervi. - ROIDS

cholesterol-- steriods

FA--Prostaglandins (immune response)

inflammation

fever

Hormones

(mechanisms)

--can pass memb--(direct)

receptor cytosol/nucleus

---> effect transcription (de/activate-->proteins)

**takes time, long term

= steriods/ thyroids

--can not pass memb-- (2nd messanger system)

bind to protein recp outside (H/ R complex)

comformation change

+ G- protein on receptor

G-protein leaves

+ Adenylate Cyclase

ATP--> cAMP (cyclic)

cAMP bond to Proteinkinase = Phosporilyates

+ spec. proteins to active/deactive

** quick/ reversable

*to:

channels

ions pumps

cytoskelton

enzymes

***reversal

phosphatase--> dephosphorate protein

phospodiesterase--> destroy cAMP

Exocystosis--> H/R complex

give permission of GH

---Permissive Effect--

nucleus R--> DNA

+transcription of GH-R gene

inc. GH-R

cell better with GH-R

helps make effects

**doesnt make, just more sensitive

--defect--

called cretinism

unable to make TH (genetic)

retardation of whole (body/NS)

controls H (homeostasis)

and Pituitary Gland

where hypothalamus and pituitary meet and talk

_____

stim-->R-->CNS-->+hypo-->

secrete H-->Pituitary-->inc/dec H in blood

=effect

may take days...

feedback to

pituitary when H in blood

hypo when H in blood

** little goes a long way

ANTERIOR

____

gland tissue

cells

**Many hormones via Hypothal and Regulatory H

RH- releasing H-- TSH, FSH, LH, GH, ACTH(RH)

IH- inhibiting H-- PRL, MSH, (IH)

POSTERIOR

___

neural tissue

Hypo's axon terminals

H directly to bloodstream

Oxyotcin--smooth muscles

Uterus

milk down reflex

ADH-- Anti Diuretic H

urine formation to save H20

**Thyroxin**

can talk to all tissue

PROCESS:

drop in body temp

CNS

+Hypo

T-RH in blood

+Ant. Pit

T-SH

+Thyroid gland

TH/Thyroxin

(pass memb, gene trans, protein syn, "takes time)"

FEED- Ant. Pit and Hypo in mean time

** contains IODINE--- lack of it GOITER

No feedback and R dont work

Ant. Pit. actually release GH

@rest GH most at night

**Direct* @ work/ fasting

Liver--

breakdown glucogen

inc blood glucose

Adipose--

breakdown fats(TRig)

inc. FA in blood

**Indirect* maintainance repair

Liver--

synthesis IGF

mitogen

mitosis

+protein synthesis

LOW

dwarfism

NORM

R/mutated R-(Laron)GH-R

HIGH

before gigantism

after aeromegaly

cell within cell, on each kidney

Cortex/ Glucocortiroids/resistance and chronic

Medulla/ Catecholamines/alarm

stress

+hypo

Sym NS

cardiac nerve

adrenal medulla

inc. E

+liver (inc glucose)

+glycogen (inc glucose)

- insulin

stress

+hypo

C-RH

+Ant. Pit.

ACTH(adre/cort/tropc/H)

+adrenal cortex

cortisol

1) Liver inc. blood sugar

2) adipose inc FA

3)Protein Breakdown inc. AA

** keep you alive long term

Asthma

Chronic Inflammation

Back Injury

Sport Injury

R. Arthititis

Transplant paitents

cortisol goes into reserves

to inc GC in blood long term(Asthma, Anxiety, IBS)

dec....

appitite

sleep

sex drive

immunity

GH release

B cell in pancreas--> insulin DIABETES

inc. irratabiliy

cellular level

living cells

moist

dec. dis. of diffusion

inc. surface area of diffusion

glucose+o2= H2O + CO2 +ATP

O2 and CO2 gas exchange

we used bluk flow

Nose/Mouth

Pharynx/Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

**air conduction, hum, dehum, temp

ciliated lining wiht mucus

alveoli and capillaires(resp. epithelum)

mucus elevator

windpipe

C/U shaped

smooth muscles

autonomic

bronchiole tree

overreaction of allergen

inc. mucus

inc. inflammation

inc. local constriction to keep in place turns universal

in throatic cavity

2 memb.

pleural(coats lung/innerwall)

space between memb. cavity

fluid, surface tension

air bubble in cavity

collaped lung

breaks surface tension

suddenly or stabbing/shooting

memb. inflammed

viral/bacterial

makes noise for doctor

one cell thick

sacs within lungs

capillaires touch it

elastic tissue

1300 sq ft or 140 sq m