Term
| What is cell communication needed for? |
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Definition
| The survival and functioning of organisms. |
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Term
| In what kinds of organisms is cell communication needed? |
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Definition
| Both unicellular and multicellular. |
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Term
| For what things is cell communication needed? |
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Definition
| Reproduction Immune Responses Nerve communication Metabolic Control Embryonic Development Growth |
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Term
| What do cell junctions enable? |
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Definition
| Diffusion of cytosol contents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct contact by cells' external molecules. |
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Term
| What are the types of local signaling? |
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Definition
| Paracrine signaling and Synaptic signaling |
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Term
| What happens in Paracrine signaling? |
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Definition
| Nearby cells respond to local regulator molecules from secreting cells |
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Term
| What are examples of paracrine signaling? |
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Definition
| Growth factors and immune system functioning |
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Term
| What happens in synaptic signaling? |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters cross the synapse space between the nerve and target cells. |
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Term
| What happens in long distance signaling? |
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Definition
| Secreted hormones move throughout the body to target cells. |
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Term
| What stages are required for cell signaling? |
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Definition
| Reception, transduction and response |
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Term
| What happens in reception? |
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Definition
| A signaling molecule (ligand) binds to specific protein. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: A ligand can only bind to a specific protein outside the cell. |
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Definition
| False: A ligand can bind to a specific protein inside or outside the cell. |
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Term
| What happens in transduction? |
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Definition
| The signal is relayed to initiate a response |
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Term
| What happens in response? |
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Definition
| The cell reacts to the received signal. |
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Term
| What do responses to cell signaling include? |
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Definition
- Turning genes on/off
- Activate/deactivate proteins
- Apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Signal Transduction Pathway |
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Definition
| The series of biochemical reactions within the cell taken after a signal is received to initiate the response. |
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Term
| True or false: there is only one molecule involved in a signal transduction pathway. |
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Definition
| False: there are multiple molecules involved in a signal transduction pathway. |
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Term
| What is enabled by the fact that there are multiple molecules is a signal transduction pathway? |
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Definition
- Amplified responses
- Multiple control points
- Variable responses |
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Term
| What happens in an amplified response? |
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Definition
| One signal molecule can trigger millions of response molecules |
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Term
| What can amplified response be likened to? |
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Definition
| Flicking one domino at the head of a group. |
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Term
| What determines the response within a signal transduction pathway? |
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Definition
| The cell type and whether or not the target has a receptor for a signal. |
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Term
| True or false: The response in a transduction pathway does not vary. |
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Definition
| False: The response in a transduction pathway varies by cell type. |
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Term
| True or false: All molecules within a signal transduction pathway react. |
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Definition
| False: The molecules within a signal transduction pathway must have a receptor for the signal in order to react. |
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Term
| Errors in cell communication can lead to: |
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Definition
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Multiple Sclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells do not stop reproducing |
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Term
| What happens in diabetes? |
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Definition
| The blood sugar is too high because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. |
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Term
| What happens in multiple sclerosis? |
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Definition
| Damaged fatty sheaths around axons prevents signaling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short-range signaling molecules that travel from neuron to neuron across the synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins on a cell that signaling molecules bind to. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signaling molecules that are secreted by the signaling cell to local cells. |
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