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| all tangible materials that occupy space and have mass |
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| a tiny particle that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties |
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| subatomic particle with positive charge |
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| subatomic particle with a neutral charge |
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| subatomic particle with a negative charge |
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| has a characteristic atomic structure and predictable chemical behavior |
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| varient forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
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| electron pathways around nucleus |
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| a distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms |
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| molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements |
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| result when two or more atoms share, donate (lose), or accept (gain) electrons |
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| the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an element |
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| form between atoms that share electrons rather than donating or receiving them |
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| a molecule with an asymmetrical distribution of charges and has positive and negative poles |
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| an electrically neutral molecule |
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| electrons are transferred completely from on atom to another and are not shared |
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| occurs when an ionic bond is broken and atoms dissociate into un attached, charged particles called ions |
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| substances such as salts, acids, and bases that release ions when dissolved in water. their charges enable them to conduct an electrical current |
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| a weak type of bond that forms between a hydrogen covalently bonded to one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom on the same molecule or on a different molecule |
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| weak attractions that occur between molecules that demonstrate low levels of polatiry |
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| molecules entering or starting a reaction |
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| substances left by a reaction |
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| substances that increase the rate of a reaction |
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| a mixture of one or more substances called solutes uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium called a solvent |
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| when an ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules |
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| molecules that attract water to their surface (ex. salt, sugar) |
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| nonpolar molecules that repel water (ex. benzene) |
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| molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties (ex. phospholipids in cell membranes) |
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| expresses the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent |
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| a solution where a component dissolved in water (acid) releases excess hydrogen ions (H+) |
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| a solution where a component releases excess hydroxyl ions (OH-) |
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| a graduated numerical scale that ranges from the most acidic to the most basic. |
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| reactions involving aqueous solutions containing both acids and bases. gives rise to water and other neutral by-products |
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| atoms, ions, and small simple substances that play diverse roles in the structure and function of living things. usually inorganic if it does not contain both a carbon and hydrogen |
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| carbon compounds with a basic framework of the element carbon bonded to other atoms |
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| special molecular groups or accessory molecules that bind to organic compounds |
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| all the compounds of life fall into this realm. four catagories: carbohydrates, lipds, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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| originates from the way that most members of this chemical class resemble combinations of carbon and water |
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| a simple polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone molecule containing from 3 to 7 carbons |
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| a combination of two monosccharides |
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| a polymer of five or more monosaccharides bound in linear or branched chain patterns |
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| link the subunits of disaccharides and poly saccharides |
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| a reaction where a water molecule is produced |
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| a long, fibrous polymer. found in the cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae |
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| an indispensable polysaccharide in preparing solid culture media |
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| a "sugar coating" on the outer surface of many cells. composed of polysaccharides bound in various ways to proteins |
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| starch. storage for polysaccharides |
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| digestion of glucose molecules. a water molecule is required |
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| fat; a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar solvents such as water but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and cholorform |
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| important storage lipids. (includes fats and oils) |
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| a 3-carbon alcohol with three OH groups that serve as binding sites |
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| a class of lipds that serves as a major structural component of cell membranes |
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| a steroid; reinforces the structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and in an unusual group of cell-wall-deficient bacteria. |
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| the predominant organic molecules in cells |
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| the building blocks of proteins |
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| forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another amino acid |
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| refers to a molecule composed of short chains of amino acids |
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| contains an unspecified number of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often a smaller subunit of a protein |
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| primary structure of protein |
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| the type, number and order of amino acids in the chain |
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| secondary structure of a protein |
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| has alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet |
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| tertiary structure of a protein |
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| has more torsion created by additional bonds between functional groups. ex. covalent disulfide bonds between sulfur atoms on two different parts of the molecule. |
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| quaternary structure of a protein |
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| more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein. typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis. |
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| serve as the catalysts for all chemical reactions in cells, and nearly every reaction requires a different enzyme. |
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| complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms |
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| the master computer of cells; contains a special coded genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organisms "heredity" |
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| "helper" molecules responsible for carrying out DNA's instructions and translating the DNA program into proteins that can perform life functions |
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| a nucleotide; belongs to a category of high-energy compounds that give off energy when the bond is broken |
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| DNA and RNA, originally isolated from the cell nucleus |
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| the fundamental unit of life. the combination of atoms that produces characteristics, reactions and products that can only be described as living |
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