Term
| List the six tenets of cell theory |
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Definition
1. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
2. All cells are essentially the same chemical make up.
3. An energy flow of life (metabolism) occurs within cells.
4. Cells are the structural and functional unit of of all living things.
5. All living things are made up of cells.
6. Cells contain hereditary information which is passed on during division. |
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Term
| Describe what is meant by growth in a unicellular organism |
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Definition
| Acquiring the required resources to divide and thus form colonies. |
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Term
| Order these molecules by decreasing electronegativity: O N C S P H |
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Definition
| High O > N > S = C ~ H = P Low |
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Term
Recognize the types of interactions that can form between polar and nonpolar
molecular groups on molecules. |
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Definition
| dipole-dipole interaction, induced dipole-dipole interaction and induced dipole-induced dipole interactions. |
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Term
Describe why it is energetically favourable to exclude hydrophobic molecules
from water (the hydrophobic effect). |
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Definition
| Because polar molecules prefer to bond with other polar molecules because it is more stable than when it bonds with non-polar molecules. |
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Term
Predict the structures that will form when phospholipids are mixed with water and
provide a rationale. |
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Definition
| Liposomes (with two layers of phospholipids) are formed with water in the middle. |
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Term
| Recognize the diversity of membrane phospholipids in extremophiles and the rationales associated with them |
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Definition
| In very hot places, the phospholipids are very close together or joined to they won't shake apart. In cold places, the phospholipids are bent so that they are farther apart to allow for movements when it's really cold. |
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Term
| What is it called when a cell shrivels like a grape turning into a raisin. |
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Definition
| plasmolysis (also known as yummification) |
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Term
| What does a gram positive cell look like? |
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Definition
| A gram positive cell has a thick layer of peptidoglycan laced with techoic acids and it has only one membrane, the cell membrane. |
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Term
| What does a gram negative cell look like? |
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Definition
| The cell membrane, followed by a small layer of peptidoglycan, followed by the outer membrane, which is covered in lipopolysaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
proteinaceous hexagonal layer; function unknown,
potential molecular sieve |
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Term
| Describe how plant and animal cells cope with osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| Plants cells have cell walls, animal cells have cytoskeletons. |
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Term
| Describe the central role of proteins in the activities of cells and justify the statement “Proteins do everything in cells”. |
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Definition
| Proteins are enzymes, transporters, force generators, DNA binding regulatory proteins (operons), strucural and sensing |
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Term
| Describe in general terms how an enzyme promotes a chemical reaction. |
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Definition
| The enzyme lowers the energy of activation by binding the substrate, sometimes with a coenzyme and induced a conformational change, allowing the reaction to proceed. |
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Term
| What is the role of disulfide bonds? |
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Definition
| They hold together the tertiary structure of a protein. |
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Term
| DNA is built from what to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do nucleic acids look like? Label the carbons |
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Definition
| They are a five carbon sugar with an oxygen at the pointy part and the carbons are numbered clockwise from the oxygen. The fifth carbon appears to be a methyl group. |
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Term
| What are stacking interactions? |
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Definition
| The interactions between adjacent bases on the same strand of DNA. |
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Term
| What are the proteins which DNA wraps around when condensing? |
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Definition
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