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| Lamarck's theory of evolution, 1809 |
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Definition
| theory: inheritance of acquired traits; produces larger, complex and better species |
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| Principles of Geology, Lyell |
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| theory: uniformitarianism; the earth is ancient |
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| Short neck giraffes evolving into long necked to reach tall leaves |
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| Example of Lamarck's theory of evolution |
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| life processes were uniform, so Earth was ancient |
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| Cuvier's theory of Extinction |
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| theory: extinctions in fossil evidence concluding that species eventually die off |
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| theory: rates of population growth; concluded that growth can't exist forever |
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| reduced traits that lack function but have a related organism with a functioning trait. |
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| similar characteristics due to shared ancestry |
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| idea that species change over time |
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| idea that all species were created independently by God and are incapable of change |
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| Aristotle's scale of nature or ladder of life; species organized into a sequence based on increased size and complexity with humans at the top |
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| inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| what lamark's theory was based on; individuals change as they develop in response to to challenges in environment and pass phenotypes to offspring |
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| based on idea that species are unchanging and variations within species are unimportant/misleading |
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| individuals of the same species in the same area at the same time |
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| any trace of an organism that lived in the past |
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| all fossils that have been found and recorded |
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| sequence of eons, epochs, and periods |
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| a species that is no longer living |
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| fossil species with traits intermediate between those of older and younger species |
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| reduced/incompletely developed structures with no function/reduced function but is similar to functioning organs of related species |
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| phylogeny/phylogenetic tree |
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| family tree of populations/species |
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| "the study of likeness"; similarities in species with common ancestry |
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| similarity in DNA sequence of different species |
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| similarity in embryonic traits |
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| similarities in adult morphology |
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| individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than individuals w/o those traits |
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| traits that can be passed down genetically |
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| ability of an individual to produce viable offspring compared with other individuals of the same population |
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| a heritable trait that increases fitness of an individual relative to individuals lacking the trait |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
| bacterium that causes tuberculosis that was resistant to drugs |
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| predicts the outcome of random mating |
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| structural/morphological, embryological, genetic |
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| Species have gone extinct, extinct species resemble modern ones, transitional forms, vestigial traits, species are changing today |
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Definition
| 6 Evidences species have changed through time |
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| Closely related species live in same geographic area, homologous traits |
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Definition
| 2 Evidences species are related |
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| Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive |
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Definition
| 3 Modes of Natural Selection |
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| favors the intermediate/middle phenotype |
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| extreme phenotypes are favored, intermediate phenotypes selected against(rare) |
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| huge difference in size/appearance of male and female |
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| Natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation |
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Definition
| 4 mechanisms of evolution |
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| random change in allele frequency |
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| bottleneck and founder effects |
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| exchange of alleles between populations by immigration/emigration |
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| intro of new alleles into gene pool |
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| p(squared)+2pq+q(squared)=1 |
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| castle hardy-weinburg formula |
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| no natural selection, random mating, no gene flow, no mutation, no genetic drift, populations must be large |
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| 6 assumptions of hardy-weinburg |
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| allele fixation (i.e.,loss of biodiversity) |
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| genetic drift can result in |
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| large population reduced to very few; many alleles lost |
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| change in allele frequencies due to colonization by a few individules |
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| evolutionarily independent group of populations or single pop. *isolated (no gene flow) |
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| biological, morphospecies, phylogenetic species concept |
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| biological species concept |
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| in this species concept, populations must be reproductively isolated (no gene flow) |
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| (before zygote) which prevents individules of different species from mating |
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| (after zygote) in which offspring of matings between members of different species don't survive or reproduce |
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| can't keep track of mating(gene flow), fossil records fail(can't observe relationships among), asexual reproduction |
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| 3 limitations of biological species concept |
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| concept in which researchers identify different species by size, shape, and other structures |
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| can apply to fossil record, don't need gene flow data, works for asexual reproduction |
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| 3 good uses of morphospecies concept |
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| often disagreements categorizing different organisms |
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| 1 bad thing of morphospecies concept |
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| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| lumps populations into species groups based on ancestry |
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| an ancestor in all of its descendants and only its descendants |
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| smallest monphyletic group(clade/lineage) on phylogenetic tree |
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| "apart"; population split by a barrier into separate geographic areas |
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| 2 types of allopatric speciation |
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| speciation occurs in same area (no barrier); populations split by genetic barrier |
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| non random mating, change in chromosome number |
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| two types of sympatric speciation |
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| two sets of same chromosome |
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| lizards move to another island |
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| river changes course; population diverges and drifts |
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| coffee, sugar cane, tobacco |
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| type of plants that have to be near water source and are non vascular |
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| phylum pterphyta, phylum lycophyta |
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| two phylums of pteridophytes |
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| seed vascular plants (naked seeds-no flowers) |
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| phylum anthophyta-flowering plants |
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| what phylum are angiosperms? |
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| multicellular plant (2N) produces spores by meiosis |
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| multicellular plant (1N) produces gametes by mitosis |
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| structures on gametophyte; produces gametes |
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| produces gametes by mitosis (1N) |
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| produces zygotes by fertilization (2N) |
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| produces sporophyte by mitosis (2N) |
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| produces spores by meiosis (1N) |
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| produces gametophyte by mitosis |
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