Fungi are

heterotrophic by ____________,

____karyotic, and

_____cellular

Fungi are

heterotrophic by absorbtion,

eukaryotic, and

multicellular

Fungi have

cell walls composed of __________.

Adult fungi are ________ and

exhibit ________ sexual lifestyle.

Fungi reproduce __________ (__________)

and produce ___________.

Fungi reproduce asexually (mitosis)

and produce spores

1. Fuzzy

2. Tubular structures

3. Filamentous

septate hyphae

seperated by ________

grows by ________ and _________.

multi __________.

cellular cross-walls

seperated by septum

grows by mitosis and cytokinesis

multicellular

coenocytic hyphae

reproduce by __________,

multi________

aseptate

reproduce by mitosis w/o cytokinesis

multi-nucleate

Phylum Zygomycota sexual life cycle

(zygomycetes/fungus)

gamates -> symgamy -> zygote ->

meiosis or zygospore->

4 haploid cells (meiospores) -> mitosis ->

hyphae -> mycelium

->

Characteristics of Phylum Zygomycota

aka-

1. type of hyphae

2. how many species

aka zygomycetes

1. Aspetate Hyphae

2. 1000

Rhizopus

Phylum:

Common name:

Zygomycota

Black Bread Mold

*numerous spherical balck asexual sporangia develop in addition to the sexual structures (zygospores).

Mucor

Phylum:

Commonly found where:

Zygomycota

fruits and bread

Pilobolus

Phylum:

Common name:

*

Zygomycota

Cap-Thrower Fungus

*Decomposes animal dung

Phylum Ascomycota

1. type of hyphae

2. how many species

1. septate hyphae

2. 65,000 species

Phylum Ascomycota

sexual life cycle

gametes-> symgamy-> zygotes-> meiosis->

meiospores (ascospores) -> mitosis -> hypae ->

mycelium

->

Peziza

1. Phylum

2. Common Name

1. Ascomycota

2. Cup Fungus

Morchella

Phylum:

Common name:

*

Ascomycota

Moral

*edible ascocarp-- not a mushroom but looks like one

Ergot

Phylum:

*

aka

Ascomycota

Purple bodies, produce lysergic acid (LSD)

aka St. Anthony's Fire in Middle Ages

Yeasts

Phylum:

Valuable for:

Ascomycota

Valuable for fermentation (glucose-> alcohol + CO2 + energy)

*1800s people realized it was a living organism

Penicillium

Phylum:

Antibiotic:

Food:

Ascomycota

penicillin

Flavor and aroma to some cheese

Aspergillus

Phylum:

Function:

ascomycete

ferments soybeans to make soy sause

some species contaminate grain and peanuts producing cancer-causing aflatoxins

Dutch Elm Disease & Chestnut Blight

phylum:

*

Ascomycota

plant pathogens

Athlete's Foot

Ringworm

Phylum:

**

Ascomycetes

AF- flourish under warm, wet conditions

RW- ring-shaped lesions

Phylum Basidiomycota

1. common name

2. type of hyphae

3. number of species

1. Club Fungi/ basidiomycetes

2. septate hyphae

3. 30,000

Basidiomycota Sexual Life Cycle

*no what?

gametes -> zygotes -> meiosis-> meiospores->

mitosis -> hypae ->

*no asexual reproduction

"fruiting body"

macroscopic, mushrooms

(basidiomycota)

Mushrooms

Found as ______ in soil. Main body is the  _______, which occurs _______.

Amanita

Phylum:

Common Name:

Found as saprobes in soil. Main body is the mycelium, which occurs underground.

Basidiomycota

Death Angel

extremely poisonous

Bracket Fungus or Shelf Fungus

phylum:

aka

basidiomycota

Wood-rooting fungi

Puffballs

phylum:

*

Basidiomycota

can eat

Smuts & Rusts

Phylum:

Characteristics:

Basidiomycota

Both Parasites

Smuts- produces black basidiocarps on ears of corn

Rusts- requires two host organisms, complex life cycle

Fungus-like Protists

Name 2 Phylums

and their common name

Phylum Myxomycota- true slime molds

Phylum Oomycota- water molds

Phylum Myxomycota

Heterotrophic by _______. "Giant _____," ability to _______ _____ __ ________. Cell wall?

Multi-________.

Heterotrophic by ingestion (phagocytosis). "Giant amoeba," ability to produce spores in sporangia, no cell wall "shape shifter." Multi-nucleate.

Plasmodium

Phylum Oomycota

1. Common name

2. Type of hyphae

3. Cell walls made of

4. Heterotrophic by

5. Spore ->

1. Water molds

2. aseptate

3. cellulose

4. heterotrophic by absorption

5. spore-> motile (flagellates)

Physarum

Phylum

Characteristics

-where it is common, derives nutrition from, transforms into ? during unfavorable conditions

Myxomycota

Common organism in moist forest floors, derives nutrition by ingesting decaying plants. Transforms into stalked sporangia when conditions are unfavorable.

Phytophthora

Phylum:

aka:

Oomycota

Potato Blight

*Irish Famine, million people died, still an important plant pathogen.

Achlya

Phylum:

a common ______

Oomycota

a common saprobe

Downy Mildews

Phylum:

important plant _______

e.g., _______

Oomycota

important plant pathogens

e.g., grapes

Saprolegnia

Phylum:

Lives in ______,

observed on _______ _______ _________.

e.g., ______ (_____)

Lives in water, observed on decomposing aquatic animals.

e.g., fish (ich).

Ecological Roles of Fungi

(two)

ascomycete + green algae =

Ascomycete provides ____ for GA and vise versa

Lichen!

Ascomycete provides shelter and water, green algae provides (food by photosynthesis) sugar

Characteristics of lichen

1. live in

2. aka

1. harsh environments (can tolarate little water)

2. reindeer moss

"fungus- roots"

hyphae + roots

Name two saprobes

Name two mutualism type organisms

1. fungi and bacteria

2. lichens and mycorrhizae

Candida albicans

aka

1. Eurkarytic

2. Autotrophic

3. Complex Multicellular

4. mostly terrestial

5. apical meristems

6. alternation of generations

7. walled spores (meiospores)

8. multicellular gametangia

tips/ where mitosis takes place

shoots

roots

above ground portion of the plant

below ground portion

multicellular gametangia

archegonia

anteridia

eggs

sperm

"baby plants" dependant on other tissues

(heterotrophic)

The Life Cycle of Plants

Alteration of Generations

Multicellular Haploid Plant Body (Gametophyte) -> mitosis -> syngamy -> zygote -> mitosis -> Multicellular Diploid Plant Body (Sporophyte- produces spores) -> sporangium-> meiosis of cells inside sporangium -> mitosis ->

*plants have all the same life cycle!

Benefits of Terrestrial Life

(4)

1. more light on land vs. water

2. CO2 is more abundant and more easily diffused

3. more nutriants/minerals in soil

4. (At time of evolution of plants) less compition for life on land

Costs of terrestrial life

4

1. Can float in water (plants must have cells/tissues for support)

2. cells/tissues needed for aquiring and retaining water

3. environmental extremes are more likely

4. reproduction must be air-based

Diffusion

Molecules are always in ___________

by _________ ___________.

Molecules move from a _________ concentratin to a __________ concentration.

Diffusion

Molecules are always in motion by

thermal agitation.

Molecules move from a higher concentrations to a

lower concentration.

Solution = ? + ?

What is the most important solvent on earth?

Solution = solvent + solute

Water

membrane has pores

* allows the passage of the solvent, but not the solute.

Osmosis

The _________ of a __________

across a __________

_________ membrane.

The diffusion of a solvent

across a selectively

permeable membrane.

Hypotonic

A lot of _______,

less ______.

Too much water

animal cell will:

plant cell will:

A lot of water,

less solute.

Too much water

animal cell will: explode

plant cell will: push back

Hypotonic causes a plant cell

to become _________.

This is perferred for plants.

Isosontic is _______ solvent and solute.

Preferred in animal cells.

Plant cell has _____ pressure.

same

little

Hypertonic

high ______, little ______.

Animal cell ________ __.

Plant cell ______.

Hypertonic

high solute, little solvent.

Animal cell shrivals up.

Plant cell wilts.

Plants average psi

vs cars average psi

plants- 75- 220 psi

cars- 30 psi

Phylum Bryophyta

1. Gametophyte generation is _________.

2. Sporophyte generation is _________.

3. No _________.

4. Lives _________

1. Gametophyte dominate

2. Sporophyte less seen

3. No vascular tissue

4. Lives in moist situations near the ground

Bryrophyta Ecology

Mosses and lichens are ________

species.  Which means they were the first species to inhabit bare _______.

Produce acids + rock = ____

Mosses and lichens are pioneer

species. Which means they were the first species

to inhabit bare land.

Produce acids + rock = soil

Vascular Plant Characteristics

1. gametophyts is:

2. sporophyte is:

3. Contains _______ _______
- simple:

-complex:

tissue-

1. gametophyts is: inconspicuous

2. sporophyte is: dominate

3. Contains vascular tissue
- simple: one cell type

-complex: more than one cell type

tissue- a group of cells performing common functions.

Xylem

A ______ tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant

Vessel element

-4

A complex tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant

Vessel element

- thick cell walls

- perforated end walls

-dead when functioning

-pipes

Phloem

Function:

Tissue is:

- 6

Function: transports food down

Complex tissue

-thin cell walls

- perforated end plate

- barely alive

-no nucleus

-food flows through cytoplasm

-has a companion cell that keeps it alive

Phylum Pterophyta

Group:

Common Name:

Stem and roots are ______. Leave aka _____, stem aka _____. Sporangia is located _____ _______.

Seedless Vascular Plants

Ferns and Horsetails

Stem and roots are underground. Leave aka frands, stem aka rhizome. Sporangia is located under leaves.

megaphylls

microphylls

"large leaves"

comples

more vascular tissue (veiny leaves)

single vein

Horsetail characteristics

1. _____ photosynthetic stem

2.___phylls

3. sporangia grouped into ____-like structures called _________.

4. ______ in stems aka _____ ______

1. segmented photosynthetic stem

2. megaphylls

3. sporangia grouped into cone-like structures

called strobilus.

4. Silica in stems aka scouring rushes

Ferns, Horsetails, and club mosses

Dominated the earth 300 million years ago

called the _____ period.

Died and became ____ ______.

Dominated the earth 300 million years ago

called the carboniferous period.

Died and became fossil fuels.

Phylum Lycophyta

Group:

Common Name:

1. ____phylls

2. __________ stems

3. sporangia- _______ (cone-like structures)

Seedless Vascular Plants

Club Mosses

1. Microphylls with white tips

2. photosynthetic stems

3. sporangia- strobili (cone-like structures)

Seed Plant Characteristics

1. Sporophyte:

2. Gametophyte:

3. Xylem, Phloem, Roots, Stem, Leaves

1. dominate

2. inconspicuous

Name two plants that are homosporous

Define homosporous

Ferns and mosses

spores are the same size

Gametophytes in seed plants (microspore)

aka:

function:

aka:

dependent on:

Gametophytes in seed plants (microspore)

aka: pollen

function: produces sperm

aka: microgametophytes

dependent on: the sporophyte that produced it

Gametophytes in seed plants (megaspore)

aka:

Never leaves the:

Gametophytes in seed plants (megaspore)

aka: megagametophte/ eggs

Never leaves the: sporophyte

Megasporangium

A part of ______

-________ embryo

- has ____ and a protective covering aka ____ ____

A part of seeds

-sporophyte embryo

- has food and a protective covering aka seed coat

Seeds

contains a complete _______ plant sporophyte (_ ______)

dormant for _____

Mechanisms for dispersal:

contains a complete multicellular plant sporophyte (a baby)

dormant for years

Mechanisms for dispersal: fruits, air, burs, animals/insects

Phylum Coniferophyta

Group:

Common Name:

Seeds: enclosed?

Seed Plants

Conifers/ gymnosperms

seeds are not enclosed "naked seed"

Phylum Coniferophyta

1. typically ____/____,______

2. largest group of:

3. leaves:

4. habitat:

1. typically trees/shrubs, evergreens

2. largest group of: gynosperms

3. leaves: needle-like, scale-like

4. habitat:  wide range: cold to moist to arid

Phylum Anthophyta

Group:

Common Name:

aka _________ "____ _____"

Phylum Anthophyta

Group: Seed Plants

Common Name: Flowering Plants

aka Angiosperms "contains seeds"

Characteristics of P. Anthophyta

1. Largest group of plants

2. Very diverse group

-herbaceous (________)

-tree/shrubs (______)

3. Mostly ______

4. Leave size:

5. Sexes may be ______ or ______

6. Habitat:

Characteristics of P. Anthophyta

1. Largest group of plants

2. Very diverse group

-herbaceous (non woody)

-tree/shrubs (woody)

3. Mostly terrestrial

4. Leave size: tiny to huge

5. Sexes may be together or seperate

6. Habitat: temperate environment