Term
| Transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
| some electrons are scattered while others pass through to form an image |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
| beam scans surface to make 3d image |
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Term
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Definition
-all living things are composed of cells
-cell is smallest unit of life
-new cells only come from pre-existing cells by cell division |
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Term
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Definition
-Domains: Bacteria and Archea
-no membrane bound organelles
-no nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
-Domain: Eukarya
-membrane bound organelles
-nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
-made of tubulin
-Functions: intracellular skeleton, organization and movement of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
-used for movement
-provide force parallel to plasma membrane to move fluid across cell |
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Term
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Definition
-used for movement
-longer than cilia
-usually one or two in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
-contains most of the DNA
-Site of DNA replication
-ribosomes assembled in nucleolus |
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Term
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Definition
-two bilipid layers
-perforated with nuclear pores |
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Term
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Definition
-Site of protein synthesis
-composition: Ribosomal RNA |
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Term
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Definition
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi Apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Vacuoles
-Peroxisomes
-Plasma Membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-Network of membranes, fluid-filled tubules or cistern
-Rough ER: studded with ribosomes, and inserts proteins into er
-Smooth ER: coninuous with rough, detox,carb. metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis and modification of lipids |
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Term
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Definition
-stack of 3-23 saccules
-Vesicles transport materials between stacks
-3 overlapping functions: sorting, processing, secretion |
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Term
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Definition
-special vesicles with digestive enzymes
-food digestion: phagocytosis
-destroy harmful endproducts: autophagy
-destroy invaders
-play a role in cell death: apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
-central vacuoles in plants: storage and support
-phagocytic vacuoles in white blood cells
-store wastes and toxic compounds
-store pigments in plants/flowers |
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Term
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Definition
-contain specific digestive enzymes: catalase
-break down toxic hydrogen peroxide
-found in cells that break down lipids |
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Term
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Definition
- boundary between cell and outside environment
-membrane support
-cell signaling
-homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
"powerplant of cell"
-PRODUCE ATP
- divide by binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
-very similar to mitochondria
-only in plants and some protists
-one type of plastid |
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Term
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Definition
-cellulose fibers
-provides structure for plasma membrane
-barrier to fungi, bacteria, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of fibrous proteins
-filter/pass material
-orient cell movement
-chemical signaling |
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Term
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Definition
-phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophobic region faces in
- hydrophillic region faces out
-semifluid: most lipids can spin freely around their long axes and move laterally within membrane and can flip-flop |
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Term
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Definition
-stabilizes membranes at higher temps
- makes more fluid at lower temps |
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Term
| factor that affect fluidity |
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Definition
-length of fatty acyl tails: shorter tails less likely to interact
-double bonds in acyl tails: double bond creates kink=more difficult to interact
-presence of cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| -covalently attatching a carb to a protein or lipid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -diffusion of a solute through a membrane without transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
| -diffusion of a solute through a membrane with aid of transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
-C6H12O6+6O2-->6CO2+6H2O
-Release of energy from glucose, and using that energy to make ATP
-An aerobic process that requires O2 and releases CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| -signals affect properties(shape) of cell |
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Term
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Definition
-direct intercellular signaling
-contact dependant signaling
-autocrine signaling- all same cell type
-paracrine signaling-only affects cells around it
-endocrine signaling- long distance |
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Term
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Definition
| -molecules that absorb light of particular wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs is chloroplasts
-light is absorbed by thylakoid membrane
-converts solar energy into chemical energy
-light dependent and light independent |
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Term
| 3 stages of cell signaling |
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Definition
1. receptor activation
2. signal transduction
3. cellular response |
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Term
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Definition
-signaling molecule
-binds to receptor with high degree of specificity |
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Term
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Definition
-unspecialized
-self renewing
-can be induced to form other cell types
- fates of cells:
-totipotent-form entire organism
-pluripotent-form almost all cell types
-multipotent-form many cell types |
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Term
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Definition
-adult/mature: undifferentiated (already chosen)
-embryonic: undifferentiated (derived from 5 day preimplantation)
-umbilical
-induced pluripotent: genetically reprogrammed
-somatic cell nuclear transfer: no sperm involved(nucleus of mature cell transferred to a donor egg--> grow to a blastocyst) |
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