Term
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Definition
| The process through which a cell copies itself. |
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Definition
| Begins when a cell divides and it should not. |
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Definition
| unregulated cell division leads to this mass of cells with no apparent function in the body |
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Definition
| tumors that don't affect surrounding structures |
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Definition
| tumors that invade surrounding structures and are cancerous |
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Term
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Definition
| when malignant tumors break away and start new cancers elsewhere in the body |
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Term
heal wounds
replace damaged cells
for growth
reproduction |
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Definition
| reasons for cell division |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| makes exact copies from one parent |
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| single celled organisms, some multicellular organisms and plants |
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Definition
| carry out asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| number of chromosomes that humans have |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The sister chromatid is connected to the original DNA by a ___________. |
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Term
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokenesis |
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Definition
| Three steps of the cell cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of cell cycle where DNA is copied. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of the cell cycle where DNA split equally into two daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of the cell cycle where parent cell is cleaved in half. |
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Term
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Definition
| Longest phase of the cell cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three stages of interphase. |
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Term
| Cell growth and organelles are duplicated. |
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Definition
| Processes that occur during G1 phase of interphase. |
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Term
New DNA is synthesized and old DNA is copied.
Chromosomes are replicated and sister chromosomes are connected. |
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Definition
| Processes that occur during the S phase of interphase. |
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Term
Cell growth and preparation for division.
Synthesis of proteins necessary for mitosis. |
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Definition
| Processes that occur during the G2 phase of interphase. |
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Term
| Separate chromatids so that each new cell has a complete set of chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell between 2 poles. Microtubules grow long enough to attach to the chromosomes at the centromere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microtubules contract and separate the sister chromatids pulling toward poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear envelopes reform and the chromosomes decondense. |
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Term
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Definition
| In animal cell, band of filaments contracts around the equator of the cell, causing 2 cells to form from parent cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that go through the cell cycle in unfavorable conditions can lead to _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Control the cycle and determine if cell is ready to enter next part of the cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
Asks...
1. is division necessary
2. are all growth factors necessary
3. is the cell large enough
4. are sufficient nutrients available |
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Term
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Definition
Ask...
1. was DNA replicated correctly
2. is the cell large enough |
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Term
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Definition
| Asks if all chromosomes are attached to microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| can produce nonfunctioning proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| can be inherited or induced by exposure to carcinogens that damage DNA and chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal genes on many chromosomes that regulate cell division, when mutated become oncogenes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry instructions for building growth factors and stimulate cell division when needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overstimulate cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overrides checkpoint control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that carry instructions for producing proteins to stop cell division if necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of cell division that occurs within gonads (sex organs). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| have half the chromosomes that somatic cells do |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces the number of chromosomes by one half |
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Term
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Definition
| ______________ of the male and female gamete will result in 46 chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 copy of chromosomes (sex cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have 2 copies of each set of chromosomes (somatic cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| photograph of chromosomes in pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| number of autosome pairs in a human |
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Term
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Definition
| pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes |
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Term
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Definition
| where genes are located on the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of meiosis in which homologous pairs are separated. |
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Term
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Definition
| PHase of meiosis in which sister chromatids are separated. |
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Term
| 4 haploid daughters cells |
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Definition
| Number of haploid daughter cells left after meiosis is complete. |
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Term
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Definition
| Zygotes are ______ (diploid/haploid) cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Gametes (sex cells - sperm/egg) are
_______ (haploid/diploid) cells. |
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Term
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of Meiosis I where homologous pairs come together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of Meiosis I where the homologous pairs line up at the equator. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase of Meiosis I where the homologous pairs separate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of meiosis I where nuclear envelopes reform. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of Meiosis II where nuclear envelopes disappear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of Meiosis II where chromosomes line up at equator. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of Meiosis II where sister chromatids separate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of Meiosis II where nuclear envelopes reform. |
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Term
Crossing over
Random alignment of homologous pairs |
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Definition
| Produce millions of possible combinations of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the homologous pairs line up during metaphase I of meiosis, their placement is called ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of homologous pairs to separate during Anaphase I |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA-protein complex making up chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes are physically located within the ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA must be _________ before it is duplicated. |
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Term
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Definition
| a reapeating unit of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that DNA wraps around |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA has a _______ (positive/negative) charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Histone has a ______(negative/positive) charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| highly compacted and transcriptionally inactive chromatin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less condensed chromatin and capable of gene transcription |
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Term
| Euchromatin turns into Heterochromatin |
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Definition
| Happens after transcription so cell can divide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tails of the histone group consist of an __________. |
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Term
Acetylation
Methylation
Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Types of covalent modifications that the amino terminal tails of histones are subject to. |
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Term
Size
Banding Pattern
Location of centromere |
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Definition
| Chromosomes are identified by... |
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Term
Deficiencies
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations |
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Definition
| Types of Chromosomal Mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomal mutations where segment is missing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomal mutations where section occurs 2 or more times in a row. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomal mutation where there is a change in the direction along a single chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomal mutations where one segment becomes attached to another chromosome. Can be simple or reciprocal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where one chromosome has a segment that jumps over to the other segment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where both chromosomes have segments that jump to the other chromosome. |
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